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Tundra JON MAYES What Is The Tundra? Northern Biome Dominated by: Mosses Lichens Dwarf Willows Low-Moderate Precipitation Very Short Growing Season Covers approximately 1/5 of land “Treeless” Climate Cold Average Temperature: less than 5 degree Celsius Precipitation exceeds evaporation Precipitation 15-25 cm per year Normally snow Summer – Brief 3-12 degrees Celsius on average Periods of almost 24 hour daylight Soggy World Distribution Map Permafrost Unique soil structure Layer of year-round frozen soil Soil above may thaw in summer Prevents deep burrowing Prevents deep root systems When water saturates upper surface: Bogs/ponds form Consists mostly of gravel and finer materials Animals Caribou/Reindeer Considered indicator species Lemming Arctic Hare Polar Bear Arctic Fox Snowy Owl Musk Ox Animals Musk OX Snowy Owl Animals Arctic Fox Polar Bear Animal Adaptations Breed and raise young in summer Hibernate/sleep during worst part of winter Many migratory species Others need to change what they eat depending on season Additional insulation from fat Thicker coats Shorter/smaller to reduce surface area Plants Lichens Willows Sedges Grasses Mosses Fireweed Variety of low-growing shrubs Plants Polytrichum Moss Fireweed Plants Growing season up to 60 days Adapt to environment by: Grow shorter Grouping together Use minimal amount of energy Photosynthesize at low temperature/light intensity No deep root systems Most plants reproduce by budding Hairy stem Darker pigments Threats to the Tundra Global Warming Permafrost is filled with dead plant material As it warms, carbon dioxide is released Accelerates global warming Gas/Oil Development Destroys the ecosystem More people been moving to tundra New towns/roads Interrupts many migration and feeding patterns Tundra
