Download Ch. 16,17,18

Psychopathology
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What is abnormal behavior? It is behavior that is: atypical (deviant), disturbing
(distressful), maladaptive (dysfunctional), and unjustifiable.
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Medical Model: Sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured
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DSM IV: Book of all psychological disorders
5 Levels:
-Level 1: Neurosis & Psychosis
-Level 2: Personality Disorders
-Level 3: Physical Problems
-Level 4: Social Stressors (1-6)
-Level 5: GAF (1-100)
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DSM does not explain the causes of disorders
Pro: provides a roadmap for treatment
Con: labels and can create bias
Neurosis
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-Depression
-Anxiety
-Somatoform
-Phobia
-Dissociative
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Dysthymia: Ongoing mild-moderate depression for 2 years (one year in teens).
Major Depression: Severe depression for 2 weeks. Includes suicidality
Bipolar Disorder: Alternating highs and lows with extremes on each end.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Highly stressed and anxious most of the
time
• Panic Disorder: At least two panic attacks in a month
• OCD: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
-obsessions (repeated thoughts) & compulsions (repeated actions).
PTSD: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Experiencing something out of the norm which
causes excessive anxiety and flashbacks.
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Psychological problems which turn physical.
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-Hypochondriasis: Exaggerating symptoms
-Conversion Disorder: Loss of a sense due to stress
-Factitious Disorder: Creating something that does not exist but believing it does
-Malingering: Creating something that does not exist for personal gain and
knowing it.
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Amnesia: Forgetting one’s personal information
Fugue: Forgetting one’s identity and travelling to a new location
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): AKA MPD
Taking on two or more distinct personalities with histories of their own (AlterEgo). Comes about to protect the weaker personality
Delusional Disorder
Schizophrenia
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Delusional Disorder: Function fine in society but have delusions (thoughts
contrary to reality).
-bizarre: can’t possibly occur
-non-bizarre: could possibly occur
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(Split Mind)
-Loss of Functioning, Hallucinations, Loose Association (+)
-Flat Affect (-)
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Paranoid (most common), Disorganized (most severe), Catatonic,
Undifferentiated, Residual
Causes are genetic. 1% of population.
-Dopamine overactivity in the brain
Highest likelihood if:
-identical twin, both parents, one parent, fraternal twin, sibling
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Autism: Communication disorder, repetitive behaviors, social deficits
Aspergers: Less severe form of Autism
PDD: Least severe form of Autism
Mental Retardation: Low IQ and above deficits
Separation Anxiety: Unable to be apart from primary caregiver
ADHD (Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Inattention)
ODD: Defiance, Anger, Hostility
Conduct Disorder: Lack of Conscience
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Psychological Disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior
patterns that impair social functioning.
Histrionic: Center of attention, Sexually seductive, Exaggerative
Narcissistic: Egotistical, lacks ability to empathize with others
Antisocial: Lacks Conscience
Schizoid: Unable to connect to others and doesn’t care to relate to others
Avoidant: Afraid of criticism, being judged, and relating to others, but wants to
Schizoid: Odd, eccentric personality showing some signs of schizophrenia
Dependent: Co-dependent, can’t make decisions and lets others walk on them
OCPD: Perfectionistic, Orderly to the point of losing enjoyment of the activity
Borderline: Bipolar, idealizes and devalues others, extreme emotion and intense
anger.
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Psychotherapy – (Healing of the soul): A planned, emotionally charged,
confiding interaction between a trained socially sanctioned healer and a sufferer.
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Dual Relationship – A therapist who involves him/herself in the life of his/her
client in a personal way, or takes a client with whom there is already a personal
involvement.
Biomedical: A prescribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on
the patient’s nervous system. (mainly prescribed by Psychiatrists)
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Eclectic Approach: The use of a blend of approaches
Psychoanalysis (Freud): Focuses on the subconscious; was one of the first
famous therapies.
• -Free Association: Saying whatever comes to mind
• -Resistance: Individual blocks anxiety laden material
• -Interpretation: Creating insight into subconsciously blocked material in order to
make it conscious
• -Transference: The client experiences strong positive or negative feelings towards
the therapist.
• -Countertransference: The therapist experiences strong or negative feelings
towards the therapist (modern concept).
-PsychoDynamic Therapy
• Influenced by Psychoanalysis, this is a more modern day therapy which is face to
face and includes the past and present.
• Interpersonal Psychotherapy: A variation of Psychodynamic Therapy (12-16
Sessions) which is somewhat effective for depression.
-Humanistic Therapy
• Rogers & Maslow
• -Focuses on present & future more than past
• -Focuses on the conscious mind rather than the unconscious mind.
• -Takes immediate responsibility rather than time to uncover hidden issues
• -Promotes growth rather than curing illness
• -Client-centered therapy: Focuses on client’s self perceptions and gives them
unconditional positive regard (no judgment) & provides Active Listening.
-Behavior Therapy
• Applies learning principles to eliminate troubling behaviors such as fears and
anxieties
• -Counterconditioning: Pairs the troubling behavior with a new response that is
incompatible (positive pairing)
• -Aversive Counterconditioning (Aversive Conditioning): Pairs with a new
response which is a negative pairing.
• -Systematic Desensitization (Wolpe): Form of counterconditioning-anxiety and
relaxation cannot be compatible. Create a list of anxiety-provoking material and
relax as list is imagined
• Virtual Exposure Reality Therapy: Wearing a headset, experiencing anxiety
through simulation
• Flooding: Relaxing and imagining high anxiety situations
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Implosion: Being placed in high anxiety situations in real life.
Operant Conditioning Token Economy: Earning tokens for behavior and
exchanging them for privileges or treats
-Cognitive Therapies
• Assumes that our thinking colors our emotions. Sees self-blame as integral parts
of depression.
• -Cognitive Therapy is the most effective therapy for depression, but combined
with medication, it is generally the most effective treatment.
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Combines the effort to alter the way
people think and the way they behave. (Alter thoughts & actions).
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Family Therapy: Therapy which views the family as a system & attempts to
improve relationships and communication within the family.
Group Therapy: Allows others to see that problems are similar.
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Is Psychotherapy effective: 89% of clients view psychotherapy as beneficial.
Regression toward the mean: The tendency for unusual events or emotions to
return towards their average state.
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Counselors (MFT, Pastoral): Focus on marriage & family relations and can focus
on the individual’s well-being
LCSW (Social Workers): Focus on relationships as well as abuse situations.
Psychologists (Ph.D): Similar to counselors, also focus on testing.
Psychiatrists: MD’s who prescribe medications
Psychopharmacology: Study of drug effects on the mind and behavior.
-antipsychotics (thorazine, chlorpromazine) used for Schizophrenia create side
effects of tremors, twitches and Tardive Dyskinesia (similar to Tourrettes
Syndrome); -modern antipsychotics (Risperdal, Zyprexia): less side effects but
slightly less effective
Antidepressants: (SSRI-Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors): Zoloft, Paxil,
Prozac; -These medications lift people from depression and protect them from
falling back into deep depressions because they block the reabsorption and
removal of serotonin from the synapses.
Mood Stabilizing Medications (Lithium): Medications used for Bi-Polar
Disorders
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): Shock Therapy; Rarely used today. Primarily
used in the 60’s, 70’s & 80’s as a treatment for depression. Side Effects:
Seizures, Memory loss.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS): Sends a magnetic field
through the skull to stimulate or dampen activity. Also good for depression & not
as many side effects.
Lobotomy (Psychosurgery): Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue.
Surgery cuts the nerves to the frontal lobe. Procedure was once used on
uncontrollably violent patients.
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Social Psychologists study how we influence and relate to each other.
Attribution Theory: Explaining one’s behavior by disposition (personality) or
situation.
Fundamental Attribution Error: The tendency to underestimate situation and
overestimate disposition
Attitudes: Feelings based on our beliefs that predispose our reactions to others
Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon: The tendency for people who agree with a small
action to comply with a larger one.
Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger): In order to reduce discomfort, we bring our
attitudes in line with our actions
Conformity: Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward a group standard.
Conditions that strengthen conformity:
-one is made to feel inferior
-group has at least 3 people
-group is unanimous
-one admires the group
-one has not made a response yet
-one’s culture encourages respect for standards
Normative Social Influence: Sensitivity to social norms to gain approval or avoid
rejection
Informational Social Influence: The willingness to listen to others
Conformity Experiment (Solomon Asch) showed people 3 lines and asked which
one was same as the original. Most experienced discomfort when five others
agreed with the wrong line.
Milgram Experiment: 65% of adult male “teachers” fully obeyed commands to
continue despite the “learners” mention of heart condition and cries of protest.
Obeyed most when:
-close at hand and legitimate authority
-prestigious institute
-learner was depersonalized or distanced
-no role models for defiance
Social Facilitation: The phenomenon of stronger performance in the presence of
others
Social Loafing: The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when
pooling their efforts towards a common goal
Deindividuation: The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group
situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Group Polarization: The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations
through discussion.
Groupthink: The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony
overrides a realistic alternative or choice
Prejudice: Unjustifiable and negative attitude towards a group and its members.
Stereotype: A generalized belief about a group of people.
Discrimination: Unjustifiable behavior towards a group of people.
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Aggression: The physical, emotional, or verbal behavior intended to hurt another.
Frustration-Aggression Principle: Frustration creates anger which in turn creates
aggression
Conflict: A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas
Social Trap: A situation in which the conflicting parties by pursuit of their own
goals end up in a mutually destructive behavior
Mere Exposure Effect: The phenomenon that repeated exposure to new stimuli
increases the chances of liking it.
Similarity & Proximity: Two most important determinants in attraction. A 3rd is
those who are attracted to us especially when self-esteem is low.
Passionate Love: Beginning more intense stages of attraction
Companionate Love: Deeper and truer attachment to another.
Altruism: The unselfish regard for others.
Bystander Effect: The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give
aid if others are present. (Kitty Genovese)
Social Exchange Theory: Our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of
which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
Social Responsibility Norm: Expectation that people will help, not hurt, those
who have helped them.
Superordinate Goals: Shared goals that override differences among people and
require cooperation.
GRIT: Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction – A strategy
designed to decrease international tensions.