Download Fall Semester Review Pre-AP Science 7

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Fall Semester Review
Pre-AP Science 7
Directions: The following questions are separated by the units of study. Units are followed by a list of
vocabulary words that you should be familiar with for the final exam.
Part I Lab Safety (p. 669-671, Safety Contract) Be familiar with safety symbols and rules.
1. What is the most important rule to follow in the science lab?
Follow teachers directions.
Scientific Inquiry (p. 10-16)
Scientific method
Problem
Variables
Controls
Inference
Hypothesis
Data
Experiment
Model
Observation
Conclusion
Experimental Investigation
Descriptive Investigation
Repeated Trials
Valid
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Constant Variable
2. The purpose of the scientific method is to answer a question or solve a problem.
3. Answer the following questions:
a. What is the purpose of the hypothesis?
To make an educated guess that answers a problem.
b. What is the purpose of an experiment?
To test a hypothesis.
4. Why do you want as many constants as possible in an experiment?
You only want to test ONE variable to keep the experiment VALID.
5. What is the relationship between the independent and dependent variable in an experiment?
The dependent variable changes as a result of the independent variable.
6. Study the Line Graph on pg. 667 in your textbook. Approximately how many calories would a
person with a body mass of 70 kg burn in 30 minutes?_132 Calories.
7. Study the Circle Graph on pg. 668 in your textbook. What conclusion can be drawn from this
graph? Swimming is the least popular sport among teenagers.
8. What do these letters represent?
DRY Dependent Responding Y-Axis
MIX Manipulated Independent X-Axis
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9. Read the following and answer the questions.
For his science project, Sam decided to test the effect of a vitamin on the growth of radish
seeds. Sam thought that if vitamins helped the nutrition and growth of humans, the vitamins
would increase the growth of radish seeds. Sam planted 5 radish seeds in 100 grams of soil and
added 10 ml of water to the soil. Next, Sam crushed a multi-vitamin and dissolved it in 10 ml of
vitamin water. He planted a second set of 5 radish seeds in 100 grams of soil and then added
the 10 ml of vitamin water to the soil. Both groups were placed in a sunny window. After one,
week, Sam observed that only one radish seed in the vitamin solution developed into a plant. In
the soil given plain water, four seeds developed into plants.
a. State the hypothesis
If vitamins are added to the water, then more seeds will sprout into plants.
b. Identify four constants in the experiment
Amount of seeds, soil, and water. The location and time for growth
c. Identify the independent variable Vitamins or no vitamins
d. Identify the dependent variable Number of seeds that developed into plants.
10. Study the diagram and answer the questions.
a. Write one observation related to this diagram.
Girl holding a rock.
b. Write one inference based upon your observation. The girl is studying the rock for her
science class.
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11. Directions: Read the following and use the data table to help you answer the questions.
Elizabeth feeds her dog 500 grams of Purina Chow dog food at 7:30 each morning for seven
days. She records the following data in her science journal.
249
308
a. What is the problem question that Elizabeth is trying to answer?
Does the color of the bowl affect how much food my dog eats?
b. Calculate the average amount of food consumed by the dog each week and record this
data in the data table in the “Average” row.
c. Analyze this data and write a conclusion to this experiment in the space below.
The color of the bowl affects how much food her dog eats. My dog ate an average of
59 grams more out of the yellow bowl when compared to the blue bowl.
Measurement
12. Complete the following chart. (pg. 654 – 655) Be able to accurately read each measurement
tool !
Type of
Measurement
Definition
Distance between two points
Length
Volume
Amount of space a solid or a liquid
occupies
Mass
Amount of matter in an object
Temperature
Hotness or coldness of a
substance
A push or a pull exerted on an
object.
Force
Measurement
Tool
Unit(s) of
Measurement
Ruler
Meter stick
mm, cm, m, km
Graduated Cylinder
Ruler/Water
displacement
TB Balance
Liquids – ml, L
Thermometer
°C
Spring Scale
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Solids- cm 3
Mg, g, Kg
Newtons (N)
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13. What is the difference in length (cm) between the two objects below? Answer: 2 cm
14. What is the volume of water in the graduated cylinder? Answer:74 ml
15. What is the mass of this object? Answer:104.3 grams
Work
16. You have done work on an object when exert a force through a distance.
17. Two people push a 32 N crate a distance of 15 meters from the kitchen to the garage. Calculate
the amount of work that was done. W= F X D 480 joules
Chemistry of Life (Class Notes and p.24, 26-30)
Matter
Product
Atom
Chemical Bond
Element
Organic Compound
Compounds
Inorganic Compound
Molecules
Macromolecule
Physical Change
Polymerization
Chemical Change
Monomer
Chemical Reaction
Polymer
Reactant
Carbohydrates
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Glucose
Lipids
Proteins
Amino acids
Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide
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18. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Matter is made of atoms.
19. What is an element? one type of atom
When two or more different elements combine together, they form a compound.
20. Describe the two types of changes that matter can undergo and give an example of each.
Change in Matter
Physical
Definition
Change in appearance or
form
Chemical
Matters changes into new
susbstance; reaction
occurs
21. Ba + FeBr2
Example
1. Tearing paper
2. Boiling water 
water vapor
1.Burning, 2. Rusting
BaBr2 + Fe
a. The equation above describes a chemical reaction.
b. List the reactants: Ba and FeBr2
c. List the products: BaBr2 and Fe
22. Complete the following chart that compares organic and inorganic compounds.
Compound
Elements in the
Total number of
Inorganic or Organic?
compound (full name) atoms in the
compound
Potassium
6 atoms
Inorganic
KMnO4
Manganese
Oxygen
Iron
5 atoms
Inorganic
Fe2O3
Oxygen
Carbon
55 atoms
Organic
C22H22O11
Hydrogen
Oxygen
23. What are the four types of organic compounds and what is their function in the body? Give an
example of each.
1. Proteins- build and repair cell parts; enzymes, meats, eggs
2. Carbohydrates- provide the main source of energy for the body; sugars and starches
3. Lipids- stored energy for the body; oils, butter, nuts
4.Nucleic Acids - stored genetic information; DNA RNA
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24. Distinguish between a monomer and macromolecule (polymer). Give an example of each.
Monomers are small units that join together to form macromolecules. A monomer of a
carbohydrate is a sugar molecule that bonds together to form a starch molecule
(macromolecule).
Introduction to Living Things (Class Notes and pg. 672-673, pg. 336 – 339)
Homeostasis
Prokaryote
Stimulus
Eukaryote
Response
Specialized Cell
Molecule
Tissue
Macromolecule
Epithelial Tissue
Organelles
Nervous Tissue
25. Draw and label the parts of the cells below using the following terms:
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Muscle Tissue
Connective Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
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Describe the function of each part of the cell.
Cell Organelle
Control Center
Nucleus
Function
Chromosomes
Genetic material DNA
Cytoplasm
Thick fluid inside cell
Cell membrane
Controls what moves in and out of cell
Mitochondria
Releases energy; powerhouse
Golgi bodies
Packages protein and other materials
Endoplasmic reticulum
Canals that move materials through the cells
Ribosomes
Site of protein production
Vacuole
Store food and water
Cell wall
Provides support to plant cells
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis in plants
26. What are the two main differences between the cells of a begonia plant and the cells of an angel
fish?
a. Plant cells have chloroplasts
b. Plant cells have cell walls
27. Which of the following are made of cells? Circle your answer
Water
Spider
bacteria
granite rock
air
grass
heat
28. Describe the organization of cells in a multi-celled organism from the smallest to the largest unit.
Cell
Tissue
Organs
Systems
Organism
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29. What is the difference between a Prokaryote and a Eukaryote? Give an example of each.
A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that does not contain a nucleus. Bacteria are
examples of prokaryotes. A eukaryote can be both unicellular (Ameba) and multi-cellular
(plants, animals) organisms and have cells that contain a nucleus.
30. State the three parts of the cell theory.
a. All organisms are composed of cells.
b. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all living things.
c. All cells come from cells that already exist.
31. If the eyepiece lens has a magnification of 10X and the objective lens has a magnification of
43X, what is the total magnification of the microscope? 430 X
32. Jackie wants to observe a specimen under the microscope. She puts the specimen on a slide
and puts it on the stage of the microscope. Which knob should she use to first focus the
microscope—the fine adjustment or the coarse adjustment knob? Coarse adjustment knob
33. Describe the four types of tissue found in animals.
Epithelial Tissue covers and protects the cells beneath it. Nervous Tissue contains cells
that generate electric impulses and transfer the impulses to other cells. Muscle Tissue
contains cells that move the parts of your body Connective Tissue has cells spaced far
apart; defends body from invaders, acts as a storehouse, gives support.
34. Identify the SEVEN characteristics that determine if something is living.
a. Cellular Organization
d. Energy Use
b. Chemicals of Life
e. Responds to Surroundings
c. Grows and Develops
f. Reproduces
g. Homeostasis
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Fall Semester Study Guide Part II.
Overview of Body Systems and Homeostasis (Class Notes and p. 340-343)
35. Describe the function of each human body system
Human Body
System
Skeletal
Function
Supports and protects
Muscular
Enables movement of the body
Digestive
Breaks food down into nutrients the body can use
Circulatory
Carries materials to cells and carries wastes away; fights infections
Respiratory
Moves oxygen into the body and removes CO2
Nervous
Excretory
Receives, interprets and responds to stimuli from inside and outside the
body
Removes waste
Integumentary
Protection; regulates body temperature
Immune
Fights disease
Endocrine
Controls many body processes using chemicals
Reproductive
Produces new organisms
36. a. Which systems work together to get oxygen to your cells? Respiratory and Circulatory
b. Which systems work together to provide nutrients to your cells?Digestive and Circulatory
37. Define homeostasis. The ability of an organism to maintain stability when the environment
changes; staying the same
38. Complete the concept map below by describing and giving examples for each of the three types
of homeostasis. (Pg. 340-331)
1. Kidneys regulate
1. Shiver or sweat
2. Hypothamus
regulates
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Internal (Hunger)
External (Noise or Heat)
Blood Sugar
Stress
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39. How does the human body respond to short-term stress such as when the school fire alarm
unexpectedly rings?
Fight or Flight Response- Adrenaline is released and causes senses to heightein,
muscles tense, heart and breathing rate increases
Skeletal and Muscular System (p.344-356)
Bone
Ball and socket joint
Periosteum
Fixed joint
Marrow
Gliding joint
Spongy bone
Pivot joint
Compact bone
Long bones
Cartilage
Short bones
Joint
Flat bones
Ligament
Muscle
Hinge joint
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Voluntary muscle
Involuntary muscle
Tendon
Contract
Relax
40. Briefly describe the five functions of the skeletal system.
a. Support and Shape
b. Protects Organs
c. Produces red and white blood cells
d. Movement
e. Stores minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
41. How is the structure of the rib bones related to their function?
Bones are flat to provide protection for heart and lungs
42. Bones are connected to bones by tough connective tissue called ligaments.
The place where bones meet is called a joint. The ends of the bones in a joint are covered with
cartilage which acts as a cushion to help prevent the bones from grinding together.
43. Give an example of each of the following joints.
a. Pivot-Neck
b. Fixed-Skull
c. Ball and socket- Shoulders and Hips
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d. Gliding-Wrists, Ankles, and Vertebrae
e. Hinge- Elbows and Knees
44. Complete the following table on the three types of muscle.
Type of Muscle
Skeletal
Voluntary or Involuntary
Voluntary
Examples
Biceps, triceps
Smooth
Involuntary
Digestive Tract
Cardiac
Involuntary- generates own
electric impules
Heart
45. What is a tendon?A band of tissue that connects muscle to bone
46. Label the diagram: bone, muscle, tendon
Tendon
Bone
Muscle
47. Explain how your biceps and triceps work together to help you raise a glass of water to your
mouth.
Your bicep contracts while your tricep relaxes. Then your tricep contracts while your
bicep relaxes.
Nutrition and Digestive System (p.370-393)
Nutrient
Digestion
Nutrition
Mechanical Digestion
Carbohydrate
Chemical Digestion
Protein
Enzymes
Lipids
Saliva
Minerals
Bile
Vitamins
Peristalsis
Villi
Absorption
Simple Carbohydrates
Complex Carbohydrates
Amylase
Pepsin
48. What is the function of the digestive system?Break down food into nutrients for your cells
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49. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
Mechanical digestion breaks down food into smaller parts by chewing and churning.
Chemical digestions breaks down food with fluids and changes them into new
substances.
50. Need to Know: Refer to page 383 to review the structures of the digestive system. Be able to
trace the pathway of food as it travels through the organs of the digestive system beginning in
the mouth. Be able to identify the structures of the digestive system.
51. The process of peristalsis moves food through the esophagus.
52. Food is absorbed into the blood stream in the small intestine.
53. Identify the following as either a chemical or physical change that occurs during digestion.
Example
Chemical or Physical Change
Churning of food in the stomach
Physical
Break down carbohydrates into starches with
saliva
Breaking food into smaller pieces with your
teeth
Pepsin helps to break down proteins in the
stomach
Pancreatic juices and other enzymes
breakdown food in the small intestine
Chemical
Physical
Chemical
Chemical
54. What are sources/examples of the following nutrients?
a. Proteins Enzymes, meats
b. CarbohydratesSugars (glucose, candy) and starches (bread and pasta)
c. Lipids- Unsaturated and Saturated Fats; Oils
55. Distinguish between simple and complex carbohydratesSimple carbohydrates are smaller
carbohydrates (sugars) while complex are large chains (starches)
56. Know how to read and analyze a food label.
57. Why is water the most important nutrient?
Water comprises 65% of your body. Dissolves nutrients; all chemical reactions in body
occur in water
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Circulatory System (p.400-425)
Blood
Plasma
Red blood cells
Hemoglobin
White blood cells
Platelets
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
Blood pressure
Pulse
Heart
Atrium
Ventricle
Period_______
Valves
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Septum
58. What are the functions of blood?
Carries nutrients and oxygen to cells; wastes and carbon dioxide away; help fight
disease and heal wounds
59. Complete the chart about the components of blood.
Component of Blood
Plasma
Function
Carries CO2 and nutrients; liquid part of blood
Red blood cells
Carries O2; contains hemoglobin
White blood cells
Fights infection
Platelets
Clotting of wounds
Be able to label the four components on a microscopic view of blood. (see Notes)
60. How is the structure of the heart related to its function? Cardiac muscle contracts and
relaxes; hollow chambers to hold blood; two-sided to pump blood to lungs or body
61. Name and describe the function of the three types of blood vessels.
a. Arteries- carry blood Away from the heart
b. Veins- Carry blood towards to the heart
c. Capillaries- one cell thick; connects arteries to beins; move O2 and nutrients to
the cells
Respiratory System: pg 430-438
Cellular Respiration
Breathing
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Inspiration
Epiglottis
Larynx
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Expiration
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Alveoli
Pharynx
Diaphragm
Gas exchange
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62. What is the difference between breathing and cellular respiration?_Breathing is bringing air in
and out of the lungs. Respiration is the chemical reaction that occurs in the cells to
release energy from oxygen and glucose.
63. Describe the process of exhalation and inhalation in the body in terms of the diaphragm and
chest cavity.
When the diaphragm contracts, the chest cavity increases in size and air rushes to fill the
lungs. This is inhalation. When the diaphragm relaxes, the chest cavity decreases and
pushes air out of the lungs. This is exhalation.
64. What is the chemical equation of cellular respiration?
Oxygen + Glucose
--- Water + Carbon Dioxide +Energy
65. Create a flow chart to describe the movement of air through the structures of the respiratory
system.
Nasal Cavity/Mouth (air is filtered and warmed) Pharynx Trachea Bronchi
Bronchioles Alveoli (gas exchange occurs in the capillaries of the alveoli)
66.
What are the parts (and their functions) of the Central Nervous System?
Brain – Control the body and create messages to be sent out in response to stimuli
Spinal Cord – Carry messages from the brain to the nerves
67.
What are the parts (and their functions) of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Nerves – Sensory nerves take a message and change it to a nerve impulse which then
pass it to the interneurons that carry the message to the brain. After the brain receives the
message and creates a response, it sends the message through a interneuron to a muscle
where a motor neuron takes the message and causes the muscle to contract and respond.
68.
What are the five senses of the human body?
Sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing
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69.
Period_______
Draw and label a neuron.
Axon Tip
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