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Lab- Muscle Fatigue
Table 1. Number of squeezes Between Dominant and Non-Dominant Hand
Number of Squeezes
Dominant Hand
41
38
39
30
37
36
31
36
34
31
Non-Dominant Hand
24
24
19
18
21
20
19
12
15
14
Time
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Conclusion:
Question 1. What happened to your strength as you progressed through each trial?
As I progressed through each trail my strength weakened. The reason for this is Muscle fatigue. In
order for our muscles to allow for movement and physical activity "Orderly Recruitment" must occur
among motor units. This is when muscle fibers have been subdivided into functional groups. A motor
unit is a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. Calcium is released within the
muscle fiber from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, when muscle cells send a signal to the motor neuron
command. The Calcium ion flows where the actin and myosin is to instantiate a cellular reaction
with ATP. This allows the myosin to pull on the actin, also known as The sliding filament Theory,
which describes the process of how muscles contract. Calcium is rapidly being transported back into
the sarcoplasmic reticulum in a continuous cycle, while ATP is continually being provided in the
muscle by breaking down glucose to make pyruvate. If glucose isn't available then fatty acids can be
used, this keeps the Krebs cycle and the oxidative phosphorylation pathway operating. Oxygen is
also needed to keep these processes operating in order to produce ATP. Thus when the muscle
experiences a reduction in its ability to produce a force muscle fatigue occurs because it is not able
to produce all these functions at a fast pace. (Experiment: Muscle Contraction and Fatigue.
Experiment: Muscle Contraction and Fatigue)
Question 2. Describe how your hand and fingers felt during the end of each trial?
At the end of the trails my hand felt a discomfort, such as a burning sensation. One would accuse
lactic acid for this discomfort, but research has shown that this is not true. The real culprit for this
fatigue in the muscles is the hydrogen ions which are produced when lactic acid splits into lactate ion
(lactate) and hydrogen ion. The Hydrogen ion interferes with the electrical signals in the muscles and
nerves, which slows down the reactions and impairs muscle contractions. Conversely, lactic acid
plays an important role in generating energy for physical endurance to help one survive. It is used as
fuel during exercise and recovery. The process in which lactic acid is formed is called anaerobic
metabolism because it does not use oxygen. During this process, the body breaks down
carbohydrates, such as glucose, for energy. The faster these carbohydrates are broken down the faster
one receives the energy needed..It also produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate), to provide energy for
chemical reactions. Thus, the greater the intensity of the work out the greater the formation of lactic
acid. ("10 Things You Should Know about Lactic Acid." 10 Things You Should Know about Lactic Acid.)
However, the problem with this is that this causes muscle soreness because damage has been made to
the muscle cells during the intense physical activity, which can cause inflammation, swelling and
tenderness. (How to Reduce Lactic Acid Build up in Muscles)
Question 3. What factors might cause you to get more squeezes (to have less fatigue)?
The burning sensation and soreness one feels after a vigorous work out is caused by lactic acid buildup in the muscle tissue. Normal blood pH is 7.4. during physical activity the pH in the blood to falls
because H+ are produced during the breakdown of glucose, thus increasing the number of H+ and
causing the carbonate-carbonate acid equilibrium to shift towards more acidic.CO2 is also produced
during the breakdown of glucose and is lost through exhalation. One method of decreasing acid build
up is by neutralizing it with a base. There are many base compounds found in the human body, such
as proteins and organic acids. They are found in small concentrations, but the most significant of
these bases is carbonate. (Bodybuilding.com - All About Muscle Fatigue. Bodybuilding.com - All About
Muscle Fatigue.) Consuming baking soda would reduce lactic acid during a physical working out,
because it would neutralize the acidity of the blood and extend muscular endurance. Another factor
that could offset the build up of lactic acid is staying hydrated. Lactic acid is miscible with water,
which allows the body to remove the lactic acid from the muscles, delaying the affects. One could
even decrease the intensity of the workout because lactic acid is released during short, high-intensity
exercises. (What to Eat to Reduce Lactic Acid During a Workout)
Question 4 Were your results different for the dominant and the non-dominant hand? Explain why
they would be different.
Yes my results were different for the dominate and non-dominate hand. Based on Graph 1. number of
squeezes for both Dominant and Non-Dominant Hands, the results for my dominant hand (right hand)
were great than that of my non-dominant hand (left hand). This all has to do with how the human
brain works with the body. The human brain is divided into two parts, the left hemisphere and the
right hemisphere. Doing certain activities allows one hemisphere to become more active than the
other. (Are You Left or Right Sided?" Are You Left or Right Sided?) For example, the left side of the
brain controls the muscles on the right side of the body because sensory information from the right
side of the brain crosses over to the left side of the brain. (Left-Handed People Think Differently Oprah.com. Oprah.com. )Since the neural connection one side of the body is stronger than the other,
it tends to to be stronger and more developed, thus making it dominant. For this reason, most
everyday activities that one does are performed by the dominant side, allowing it to retain more
training and focus. (Bodybuilding Symmetry & the Dominant Arm." LIVESTRONG.COM.
LIVESTRONG.COM)
Question 5 What is the primary energy pathway for the dominant and the non-dominant hand?
To keep our body's working energy is needed. Our body's receive this energy by breaking down
carbohydrates, fats and proteins, one consumes through the food we eat, into its simplest
form(glucose, fatty acids and amino acids). Once they are broken down, these nutrients are
then transported through the blood to be used in a metabolic pathway or stored for later use.
However, because the energy cannot be used directly from the food we eat it must converted
into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) The primary energy pathway for this experiment is cellular
respiration, because ATP must continuously be made for organisms to function and so it must be
constantly resynthesized, which includes three energy systems, Phosphagen Anaerobic
Aerobic). However, this research will primarily focus on Anaerobic and Aerobic. Cellular
respiration begins with anaerobic glycolysis, which does not require oxygen and is followed
by aerobic pathways, Pyruvate, Kerbs cycle and Electron Transport Chain. When not enough
oxygen is available to the body, glucose begins to be broken down into a simpler component
called pyruvate, which then turns into ATP at the end of the process. This pathways is mostly
used during activities requiring large bursts of energy over somewhat longer periods of time.
Conversely, when a lot of oxygen is available, an aerobic glycolysis pathway is utilized. This
process occurs in the mitochondria of the cell. This process is done at a slower pace during
longer-duration, lower-intensity activities. All these systems contrubuite to the energy needs
of the body during physcial activity.( The Three Primary Energy Pathways Explained. ACE Fitness.)
Question 6: Your muscles would probably recover after 10 minutes of rest to operate at the original
squeeze rate. Explain why.
After 10 minutes of rest my muscles would recover enough to operate at the original squeeze rate
because the lactic acid will leave the muscle cells through facilitated diffusion by attaching to a specific
proteins in the sarcolemma. The more lactic acid produced the slower the removal rate, because of the
overwhelming high concentration.
(http://college.holycross.edu/faculty/kprestwi/exphys/lecture/ExPhysEx2Lect_pdf/ExPhys_03_M08
_lac_remove.pdf) As the lactic acid is removed from the muscles by regular blood flow the pH of the
muscle will return to their origin. One can speed their recovery time by performing cool-down
exercises, such as walking for a good amount of time at a steady pace because the intensity of the
work has decreased, but the exercise has a longer time period. This allows for your blood circulation
rate to stay elevated, but the lactic acid is no longer being produced at the same rate as that of a
short intesense work out. (http://healthyliving.azcentral.com/removing-lactic-acid-after-marathon2249.html
http://www.lactic-acid.com/lactate_and_exercise.html
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2014)
Author, Unknown, "Experiment: Muscle Contraction and Fatigue. Experiment: Muscle Contraction
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19 2014)
Author, Unknown , "How to Reduce Lactic Acid Build up in Muscles."
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"<http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fairprojects/project_ideas/HumBio_p007.shtml#background>. (Thursday, March 20 2014)
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<http://www.acefitness.org/blog/3256/the-three-primary-energy-pathways-explained>.(Thursday,
March 20 2014)
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