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EARLY AFRICAN KINGDOMS Migration: A permanent ______________ from one country or region to another • Causes of migration: ____________________ factors: push people out of an area or pull them into an area • Experts can trace migrations over time by studying the spread of ____________________________ • Most languages in Africa can be traced back to one parent-language:________________________ AFRICA Bantu Migration • Bantu-speaking Africans moved _____________ & _______________out of Nigeria from 3000BC- 1100AD • • Spread their ________________ and ______________________ Reasons for migration: ________________________ farming & overpopulation and search for ______________________ East Africa: Early Kingdom East Africa: Coastal Trade Cities of Aksum • • Located on Red Sea in present day _____________________ • Through ____________ (ivory!) Aksum (350AD) absorbed many elements of Roman culture, including __________________ Bantu-speaking people established coastal villages; ________________and Persian traders settled in port cities around 639AD • _________________ was formed: blended language of Bantu and ____________ • Blending of religions of ________________, ________________ and______________________ beliefs Coastal Trade Cities & Slave Trade • Swahili cities became wealthy through ______________ (gold, ivory, etc) • By 1300, more than _______ trading cities • Muslim traders sent _____________________ to the Middle East, India, China • Numbers of traded slaves remain small until the 1700s, when Europeans start buying slaves for colonial _______________________________ WEST AFRICAN: THE GOLD-SALT KINGDOMS (GHANA, MALI, SONGHAI) The Gold-Salt Trade • All 3 kingdoms _______________________ the GOLD-SALT Trade at some point in time • Occurred in ____________________ near the northern part of the ______________ River • Although rich in _____________, West Africa’s savanna & rain forests ___________________________ • Fortunately, the ___________________________ contained large deposits of salt • _________________ traders crossed the Sahara with _______________, cloth & manufactured goods • _______________________ traders collected ____________________ from the forested regions • Met in ______________________ where they would exchange goods EMPIRE OF GHANA (AD 500-1200) Ghana’s Wealth: • Ghana grew rich by ___________________ trade that crossed through the kingdom • Ghana’s wealth enabled the kingdom to build a _________________ & _____________ neighboring regions • The ____________ acted as a religious leader, chief, judge, & military commander • As a result of the _______________, Ghana’s rulers converted to ________________ and helped spread the religion Ghana’s Decline: • War with a nearby kingdom _________________ Ghana’s empire • Led to ______________ division & eventual decline… EMPIRE OF MALI (AD 1235 to 1400) The Rise of Mali (“where the king resides”) • In 1235 Mali rose to ___________ on the same territory • Quickly expanded to the ______________ Ocean under the rule of _____________________ • Gained control of the Gold-Salt Trade • Mansa Musa is the most famous African Muslim ruler; skilled _____________ leader who expanded the empire; Under his reign Mali, became ________________ from Gold-Salt Trade Mansa Musa & Religion • Mansa Musa is a devout ______________; In 1324 went on a hajj to _______________ • Mansa Musa built ______________, schools & libraries where people could study _____________ • As a result Timbuktu, the ____________ city, became a __________________ center for Islam Mali’s Decline: • ___________ rulers after Mansa Musa; Declined & people began to break away EMPIRE OF SONGHAI (1450 to 1600) • • • • Mali declines in the 1400s & the Songhai set up an __________________ Sunni Ali, Muslim ruler who expanded the empire by military __________________; Built a professional _______________; conquered the city of ___________________________ Askia Muhammad took control; well-______________________ empire, _____________ system of government; laws based on the ________________ Empire was full of wealth & learning but lacked modern ___________________, leading to its collapse Mesoamerican Cultures Olmec Civilization: MesoAmerican Frontrunners (1200 BC – 500 BC) Location: _______________________________________________ • Highly centralized ________________________ • __________________ hierarchy; No specific ___________________ are known • Polytheistic; Practiced _______________________________ as a form of sacrifice • ___________________ sacrifce (maybe?) • Religious activities performed by a combination of _________________ & ___________________ • May have been the __________________ civilization in the western hemisphere to develop a system of ____________________________; Calendar & Concept of ______ Possible Explanations for decline: • Not known; outside ______________________ or internal ___________________? Location: ____________________________________________________ • Composed of ___________________________ • Each contained: Its own ___________________, farmland & an __________________ center built around ceremonial temples; _______________________; offerings of ______________, flowers & incense • Sacrificed humans (generally _______________________); Worshipped ____________________ gods Mayan • Written language; similar to ____________________________ • System of numbers that included __________; Accurate _________ day solar calendar Civilization • Society: Men cultivated __________________; women processed them • To support Mayan cities, farmers paid taxes in ___________________ (AD 250 – 900) Possible Explanations for Decline: • Frequent ____________________; ______________________________ over farming soil exhaustion • ______________________________ revolts Location: ______________________________________________ • Single ruler – unified empire • _______________________ government characterized by frequent ______________ • Built an empire in _______________________________________ by conquering neighboring civilizations • Polytheistic; Worshipped over _____________ gods, but the _________ god was the most important (Huitzilopochtli) • Made _________________________ sacrifices • Social Hierarchy: king, ________________ (officials, judges, etc…), warriors ______________________, slaves Explanations for Decline • Conquered by the _______________________ (led by Hernando Cortes) • Conquest led to destruction & epidemic disease, specifically _____________________ Aztec Civilization (AD 100 – 750) Incan Civilization (1400s to 1500s) Location:________________________________________________ • Incan Government: very efficient with many different levels • _________________________ & tax collection • The emperor had ___________________ over the empire; claimed that he was the ______ of the sun, or divine; He also served as the chief _________________________ leader • Polytheistic; believed in ___________________________ gods • The ____________god, Inti, was the most important; Offerings of food & ___________ • Built ______________ miles of road to unite empire • ___________________were posted along Incan roads to relay messages of rebellions/ natural disasters • No __________ land for farming; In order to overcome this challenge, farmers used ___________________ – strips of flat land carved into steep hillsides Explanation for Decline • Weakness with the empire led to _____________________________ • Conquered by the ________________________ (led by Francisco Pizarro) NEW WORLD LOCATION: • N, S, & Central ___________________ • _____________________ Hemisphere POPULATION: • Total: ________ million LANGUAGE: • MANY HEALTH: • High _________________ mortality rate • Life expectancy = ____________ years RELIGION: • Spirits, ______________, animism, etc… HOUSING: • Depended on __________________ OLD WORLD LOCATION: • Europe & ____________ • ____________________ Hemisphere POPULATION: • Total: _____________ million LANGUAGE: • National languages HEALTH: • Frequent ___________; Chronic ______________ • 1 in ______ dead from smallpox • ½ of kids died before age _______ • Life expectancy = _______ years RELIGION: • Catholicism (Europe before Protestant Reformation) HOUSING: Mainly wood (IN)Famous Explorers: SPANISH & PORTUGUESE - Prince Henry the Navigator (P): established school for navigators; never actually sailed himself; stopped Muslim expansion & ‘stole’ the slave trade - Vasco da Gama (P): First to reach India from Europe by sea; went around Southern tip of Africa - Christopher Columbus (S): Wanted to reach India; landed in Bahamas, Cuba, S. America; called the natives ‘Indians’ bc he always believed he was off the coast of India - Amerigo Vespucci (S): Several voyages to the ‘New World’; first to recognize the Americas were new & NOT India - Ferdinand Magellan (S): First to circle the world (circumnavigation); killed in Philippines but crew returns to Spain; world is round, oceans connected (yay!) - Hernando Cortes (S): conquered the Aztecs; Montezuma believed Cortes was a god; offered gifts of gold, but Cortes massacres Aztecs; advantages = guns, horses, disease - Juan Ponce de Leon (S): looking for the Fountain of Youth; arrived in Florida - Francisco Pizarro (S): Conquered the Incas in Peru ENGLISH, FRENCH, DUTCH - Samuel de Champlain (F): Founded Quebec; first permanent French settlement in Americas - John Cabot (E): Explored coasts of Canada & New England - Henry Hudson (D): Charted much of coastal N. America; the Hudson River & Hudson Bay Discovery, Mercantilism & Commerce Motives for Exploration The 3 G’s: God, Gold & Glory Motive #1 – GOD • • Motive #2 – GOLD The Catholic Church wanted to: Stop the spread of ____________________ & spread ___________________ • • • New Technology • The Race is On! • • MERCHANTS wanted to: Find new _________________ _______________ to the East & make a ___________________ Motive #3 – GLORY • • EUROPEANS wanted to: Establish _________________ & trading posts throughout the world (competition between _________________) Astrolabe: An astronomical instrument that was used to determine _______________________ Triangular Sails: sails that allowed ships to sail _______________________ the wind Cartography Improvement: increasingly precise ______________ The Caravel: a small, sturdy, & highly maneuverable ________________; proved more effective than previous ships • • • • • At the time, the ___________________________ were most advanced in terms of new sailing technology Began a national rivalry between Portugal & __________________________ Line of Demarcation (1493): An imaginary line of __________________________ that was established to _________________________ claimed by Portugal from those claimed by Spain Intended to maintain ________________________ Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Moved the Line of Demarcation further to the _______________ due to Portuguese complaints The Impact of Exploration #1 – The Triangular Trade • • • Europe – Africa: weapons, ___________________, & cloth Africa – Americas: ______________ Americas – Europe: ____________, molasses, ________________, tobacco Americas Europe The Triangular Trade Africa #2 – The Middle Passage • • • • #3 – Joint Stock Companies Second leg of the Triangle Trade: _____ to ______ week voyage Tiny spaces, chained together in darkness, stench, heat; 1 in _____ did not survive Died of disease, __________________ or suicide ___________ million people taken from Africa • • • Merchants who wanted to invest in ________________ formed JSC’s Raised money by combining _______________________ with other merchants Allowed large & small investors to share the __________________ & ______________ of exploration voyages • #4 – Mercantilism • • Belief that a nation’s _______________ depended directly on its wealth; amount of gold/silver it had Goal of every nation was to become as ________________ as possible #5 – Colonial Development • European nations established _____________________ to gain wealth, power, & make the “mother country’ _________________________ #6 – Columbian Exchange • • The Columbian Exchange refers to the global _______________ of plants, animals, diseases, and technology between the “Old” & “New” Worlds _____________________ European and Native American ways of life Mercantilism