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Ancient Mediterranean Greece and Rome ANCIENT GREECE • Think of a sacred place in your community. • How do the forms of the space relate to the beliefs and the activities of the occupants? • How do the forms of Greek architecture contribute to their function? Video in notes *Athenian agora Archaic through Hellenistic Greek 600 B.C.E.-150 C.E. Plan Video in notes *Anavysos Kouros Archaic Greek c. 530 B.C.E. Marble of remnants of paint Video in notes *Peplos Kore from the Acropolis Archaic Greek c. 530 B.C.E. Marble, painted details Video in notes *Niobides Krater Anonymous AKA Niobid Painter c. 460-450 B.C.E. Clay Red-figure technique Video in notes *Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) Polykleitos 450-440 B.C.E. Roman copy (marble) of Greek original (bronze) • Many Greek works we look at today are Roman copies of Greek originals. • Romans valued Greek culture—arts, leisure, and learning. • Became popular when Romans began to invade Greece in 211 B.C.E. • The Spear Bearer was one of the most popular, and widely copied sculptures. • Greek originals in bronze were typically later melted down and used for weapons. • Many Roman copies were buried and sustained damaged over centuries. • This sculpture was found in Pompeii and abides by the canon of proportions established for the ideal human in Greek culture. Video in notes • By around 500 B.C.E. democracy, had emerged in the city of Athens, and the golden age of Greek history emerged. • Far reaching empire=great wealth • The Acropolis in Athens was commissioned by Pericles. • Parthenon, on top the Acropolis, is a temple dedicated to Athena. • Inside a large statue of Athena, made of ivory and gold, stood constructed by Pheidias. Video in notes *Acropolis Athens, Greece Iktinos and Kallikrates c. 447-410 B.C.E. Marble *Acropolis plan *Parthenon Marble metope from the Parthenon, c. 447438 B.C.E., 172 cm tall, Acropolis, Athens © Trustees of the British Museum The sculpted decoration of the Parthenon included ninety-two metopes showing scenes of mythical battle. Iris, from the west pediment of the Parthenon, c. 438-432 B.C.E., marble, 135 cm high, Athens, Greece © Trustees of the British Museum The pediment sculptures (carved in the round) filled the triangular gables at each end. Horsemen from the west frieze of the Parthenon, c. 438-432 B.C.E., 100cm tall, Acropolis, Athens © Trustees of the British Museum The horsemen have been moving at some speed, but are now reining back so as not to appear to ride off the edge of the frieze. Video in notes *Plaque of the Ergastines Video in notes Figures of three goddesses from the east pediment of the Parthenon, c. 438-432 B.C.E., 233 cm long, Acropolis, Athens © Trustees of the British Museum The east pediment of the Parthenon showed the birth of goddess Athena from the head of her father Zeus. *Helios, horses, and Dionysus (Heracles?) Video in notes *Victory adjusting her sandal *Grave stele of Hegeso Attributed to Kallimachos c. 410 B.C.E. Marble and paint Video in notes *Winged Victory of Samothrace Hellenistic Greece c. 190 B.C.E. Marble and paint • Hellenistic art marked by period of war between Greeks and Romans. • Forward momentum. • 8’ high on the prow (most forward part) of a stone ship. Probably commemorated a naval victory. • Originally stood above a sanctuary in Samothrace. • The best examples of Hellenistic art come from the Kingdom of Pergamon (Turkey). Video in notes *Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon Asia Minor (Present day Turkey) Hellenistic Greek c. 175 B.C.E. Marble • Frieze is sculpted in high relief. • Hellenistic work seeks balance through the use of diagonals, whereas Classical Greek sculpture finds balance through the use of vertical and horizontal lines. • Some of the figure here crawl out beyond the architectural space. • Hellenistic art gives way to heightened forms of expression. Video in notes * Seated Boxer Hellenistic Greek c. 100 B.C.E. Bronze Video in notes ETRUSCAN • Before Rome was Rome, it was Etruria. • Established famous cities such as Florence, Pisa, and Siena. • No history or literature survives. • Taught Romans the alphabet and spread literacy through the Italian Peninsula. • Gave Romans their cultural and artistic traditions, engineering, gladiatorial combat, temple design, religious ritual. *Sarcophagus of the Spouses Etruscan c. 520 B.C.E. Terra Cotta • Majority of our knowledge of Etruscan art comes from burial sites. • Etruscans were cremated and put in a tomb with all earthly items needed for the afterlife. • Kline-reclining couch. • Couple reclining, eating. • Social, not divine subject matter. • Archaic, stylized, elongated figures. • Men and women reclining and eating together. Offensive? Women’s status? Terracotta was standard in sculpture and temple decoration. Marble had not yet been discovered as an available material. Video in notes *Temple of Minerva (Veii, near Rome, Italy) and sculpture of Apollo Vulca c. 510-500 B.C.E. Original temple of wood, mud brick, or tufe (volcanic rock); terra cotta sculpture • Early Etruscans worshiped in open spaces. • This later changes as a result of influence from the Greeks. • Materials for temples were stone foundations with wood and terra cotta upper structure. • Ancient historian, Vitruvius wrote extensively about Etruscan architecture which heavily inspired the Italian Renaissance. • Temple of Minerva would have had Tuscan columns with a deep porch, and a triple cella (3 rooms) reflecting the divine triad, Minerva, Tinia (Jupiter/Zeus), and Uni (Juno/Hera). • Etruscan temples also had a high podium and frontal entrance. • Sculptures, like Apollo, would have been placed on the roof. Video in notes (2) Apollo *Tomb of the Triclinium Tarquinia, Italy Etruscan c. 480-470 B.C.E. Tufa and fresco • Known for its painted tombs. • Chamber tomb. • Takes its name from the three-couch dining room of the ancient Greco-Roman Mediterranean, known as the triclinium. • Banquet scene-festive funerary art. • Funeral games. • Skin of females is lighter. ROMAN Video in notes *House of the Vettii Pompeii, Italy Imperial Rome c. 2nd century B.C.E.; rebuilt c. 62-79 C.E. Cut stone and fresco • A Roman townhouse (domus) • Pompeii destroyed in 79 C.E., rediscovered in 18th century. • The domus reinforced social status, as patrons would receive clients in the atrium of the home during the business day. • The patron-client relationship in the Roman Republic (5th-1st centuries B.C.E.) was important. Patrons provided support, protection, and benefaction and in turn clients would trust and be dutiful to the patron. • It was important for the patron to keep an aesthetically pleasing and fashionable house. Vitruvius even wrote about this, which becomes a canon for domestic dwellings. *Frescos • Owned by former slaves, one brother held a top civic position. • Showed signs of wealth in the home, like a strongbox. • Wall paintings are designed for the viewer to have a gallery-like experience. • Fourth style wall painting. • Offers insight to domestic architecture and interior decoration into the last days of Pompeii. *Alexander Mosaic from the House of the Faun Pompeii Republican Roman c.100 B.C.E. Mosaic Video in notes • From largest and most elaborately decorated mansion in Pompeii. • Moment when Alexander the Great is defeating Darius and the Persian army. • Movement and frenzy. • Based on Ancient Greek painting? • 1.5 million pieces of glass *Head of a Roman patrician Republican Roman c. 75-50 B.C.E. Marble • Veristic portrait/republican era • Differs from Greek idealism/imperial era • Conveys seriousness and truth of the responsibility of holding public office. • Characterized by furrowed brow, deep wrinkles, sagging skin. • Imagines-death masks • Wealth/Importance *Augustus of Prima Porta Imperial Roman Early first century C.E. Marble • 1st emperor of rome • Political propaganda • Portrays himself as political leader, military leader, and supporter of Roman religion all at the same time. • Foreshadowing Pax Romana. • Recalls Greek ideals of Doryphorus sculpture, following canon-connecting himself to Golden Age of Greece • Cupid riding a dolphin-victory and divinity • Breastplate-gods on his side Video in notes *Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater) Rome, Italy Imperial Rome 70-80 C.E. Stone and concrete Link and video in notes • Roman Forum-place where civic, sacred, and monumental buildings stood. • 1st century-emperors began to build their own, 5 total. • Over time buried under antiquity. • Massive excavation under Mussolini. *Forum of Trajan Rome, Italy Apollodorus of Damascus. Forum and markets: 106-112 C.E. Column completed 113 C.E. Brick and concrete (architecture) marble (column) Forum of Trajan (reconstruction) Basilica Ulpia (reconstruction) Video in notes Trajan markets Column of Trajan Video in notes Pontoon bridge with Roman soldiers (detail), Column of Trajan, Carrara marble, completed 113 C.E., Rome Video in notes *Pantheon Imperial Roman 118-125 C.E. Concrete with stone facing Video in notes *Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus Late Imperial Roman c. 250 C.E. Marble