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WSU SOD Education Program Phytophthora ramorum educate to detect Adapted from the national PRED program for WSU Extension By Norm Dart WSU Sudden Oak Death Education Coordinator What we will cover today 1) History of P. ramorum (SOD/Ramorum Blight) 2) Current state of P. ramorum in Washington 3) WSU Extension SOD education program 4) Recognizing symptoms and submitting samples for early detection History of P. ramorum Status in North American and European forests Status in North American and European nurseries Mysterious tree death Mid 1990s hikers report dying tanoaks Marin, Santa Cruz, & Monterey counties Canopies turn brown suddenly Similar symptoms on coast live and black oaks Scientists begin to investigate Photo: Marin County Fire Department Sudden Oak Death Trees death primarily along urban-wildland interface Dying trees created hazards for residents Name “Sudden Oak Death” coined Search for cause continued Photo: Marin County Fire Department Cause of Sudden Oak Death determined 2000: UC scientists isolated organism causing SOD Exotic Phytophthora species Previously isolated from European nurseries in 1993 Phytophthora ramorum in culture Photo: UC Davis & UC Berkeley Phytophthora ramorum Sporangia releasing zoospores New species named Phytophthora ramorum Phytophthora spp. thrive in wet conditions Produces zoospores and chlamydospores P. ramorum zoospores spread through air via mist and rain splash Chlamydospores Phytophthora species There are many Phytophthora spp. Most cause root rots Common crop pathogens P. infestans caused the Irish potato famine of 1840s Researcher discovered more hosts Researchers isolated P. ramorum from other plant species Many of these are “foliar hosts” These hosts are not killed but develop leaf blight Example: California bay laurel Photo: Joseph O’Brien, USDA-Forest Service Two distinct diseases caused by Phytophthora ramorum Sudden Oak Death – – – – Red oaks and tanoak Stem lesions beneath the bark girdle and kill tree Cankers often bleed or ooze Can kill adult trees P. ramorum foliar blight/Ramorum blight – Non-oak hosts – Spots and blotches on leaves & shoot die back – Can kill juvenile plants, usually not lethal for mature plants Curry County Oregon, Summer 2001 P. ramorum discovered in Oregon in 2001 killing tanoaks Trees discovered during aerial survey Photo: Mike McWilliams, ODF Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University P. ramorum in forests SOD currently found in 14 CA counties and 1 OR county These counties are under quarantine SOD not known to be established anywhere else in N.A. forests Map from www.suddenoakdeath.org Kelly, UC-Berkeley Risk of P. ramorum becoming established in U.S. forests Map: USDA- Forest Service European garden & nursery finds P. ramorum reported throughout Europe in nurseries and gardens Same species but different mating type in N.A & Europe European strain more aggressive on nursery stock Despite quarantine efforts P. ramorum is widespread in UK and Netherlands Phytophthora ramorum infection on rhododendron in Europe Photo: Hans DeGruyter, Netherlands Plant Protection Institute Infected trees reported in UK and Netherlands 2003 Red Oak: Quercus rubra Beech: Fagus sylvatica Photo: DEFRA North American nursery finds 2003- P. ramorum found in 17 N.A. nurseries 8 CA, 6 OR, 2 WA, 1 BC Trace forwards and trace backs conducted Both US and EUR genotypes found in WA and OR Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University 2005 National Nursery Survey • 3,663 nurseries visited • 64,814 samples collected State Num. + CA 55 GA 4 LA OR TN 2 20 1 SC WA Total 1 16 99 Washington survey 9 of the 16 were repeat positives from 2004 What happens when P. ramorum is detected in a nursery? 1) WSDA by authority of USDA-APHIS places host plant material on hold until the extent of infestation is determined 2) Infected and neighboring plants are destroyed in an effort to eradicate the pathogen (burned or buried) Locations of nurseries testing positive for P. ramorum in Washington (04-05) Diversity of Native Host Plants in Washington State Bigleaf maple Douglas-fir Oregon ash Madrone Evergreen huckleberry Western starflower Maidenhair fern Summary of P. ramorum in Washington Only in nursery stock, not found in natural or urban landscape APHIS and WSDA conduct annual survey to inspect production nurseries DNR does forest surveys Many plants native to Washington are known hosts Potential to impact native ecosystem Quarantines may be imposed if detected in landscape Current P. ramorum Education Projects at WSU Puyallup 1) Online Education Surveys (evaluate current knowledge) 2) First Detector Training for Maser Gardeners (mandated by USDA strategic plan) 3) Developing Molecular Laboratory (increase diagnostic/research capabilities) Online Education Surveys OBJECTIVES •Evaluate current understanding/knowledge of P. ramorum •Learn where people have been going for information •Determine what additional outreach efforts are needed TARGET GROUPS •WSU Extension Educators (Completed) •Nursery and Landscape Professionals (Launched 12/05) •Christmas Tree Professionals •Forest Product Industry Professionals WSU Extension Educator Survey Result Highlights WHO RESPONDED? •27 responded (80 surveys sent) •6 county agents •18 master gardener affiliates •3 unknown •92% of responses were from Western Washington •81% of respondents were moderately to highly concerned about potential economic and ecological impact of P. ramorum in Washington WSU Extension Educator Survey Result Highlights CURRENT KNOWLEDGE •93% of Master Gardener volunteers do not feel sufficiently informed to perform outreach duties •100% of county agents feel sufficiently informed to perform outreach duties •77% know where to direct the public to send samples for SOD testing/diagnosis •78% do not feel comfortable determining if samples should be sent for diagnosis WSU Extension Educator Survey Result Highlights SOURCES OF INFORMATION •74% choose the internet as a source of information •48% choose pamphlets and brochures as a source of information • 43% chose talks/training sessions as a source of information WSU Extension Educator Survey Result Highlights FUTURE OUTREACH •76% would like to see future outreach efforts •78% do not feel comfortable determining if samples should be sent for diagnosis •93% of master gardener volunteers do not feel sufficiently informed to perform outreach duties First Detector Training •Master Gardener Volunteers are major target audience •Curriculum adapted from USDA and NPDN training •Background/History of SOD •Status of SOD in Washington •Introduction to WSU SOD education Program •Recognizing symptoms •Submitting samples • Five training sessions scheduled this spring in King, Pierce, Kitsap. Grays Harbor/Pacific, Snohomish counties Important Considerations for First Detectors • Master Gardeners and County Agents play a major role as first detectors •Important to realize that P. ramorum can be a sensitive issue •Education is a balancing act: •Inform but do not scare public! •Realize what is at stake •Economically for Washington Ag./forest industries •Potential ecological impact to nations forests Developing Molecular Capabilities Objectives •For rapid and reliable detection of SOD •Tool for basic and applied research at WSU Puyallup •Quantifying plankton communities •Population genetics of PNW salmon •Sexual recombination of pathogenic fungi •Detecting traits in breeding programs Recognizing Symptoms Sudden Oak Death of oaks Ramorum blight of other hosts Key to determine if samples should be submitted for P. ramorum testing in Washington focus on recently purchased (or near recently purchased) camellia, kalmia, lilac, pieris, rhododendron, or viburnum Sudden Oak Death: Disease of members of the oak family (Fagaceae) True oaks (Quercus spp.) (NA & EUR) Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) (NA) Chestnut (Castanea) (EUR) Beech (Fagus) (EUR) Sudden Oak Death of coast live oak in California Photo: Pavel Svihra, UC Cooperative Extension ‘Bleeding’ canker on tree trunk ‘Bleeding’ or oozing on the bark Not associated with cracks in bark or insect holes Usually on the lower 6 ft. of tree trunks Photo: Garbelotto lab, UC Berkeley Phytophthora ramorum Younger active bleeding cankers Older infections with washed out bleeding cankers “bleeding” Photos: Mike McWilliams, ODF & Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation Phytophthora ramorum Cankers (in inner bark) are surrounded by a black line Photo: Dave Rizzo, UC Davis P. ramorum cankers of tanoak outer bark Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Department of Conservation inner bark Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum outer bark inner bark Bleeding canker caused by Armillaria Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum outer bark inner bark Bleeding canker caused by inner-bark boring insect Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service Similar symptoms – submit sample outer bark inner bark Bleeding canker caused by Inonotus hispidus Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service Other common diseases & injuries Bacterial wetwood Boring insects Mechanical injury Fungi Recognizing P. ramorum foliar blight, aka: ramorum blight Camellia Rhododendron Viburnum Pieris Mountain laurel Lilac Honeysuckle Yew Douglas-fir Grand fir Coast redwood Symptoms on camellia Brown lesions: irregular and restricted to leaf tip Lesions edges less distinct under humid conditions Photos: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture & Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA Symptoms on camellia Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA Symptoms on camellia Symptoms can be subtle Look for irregularshaped brown lesions on the leaves Sometimes only the tips of leaves are brown Look for lower leaves that have fallen off Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA Similar symptoms – submit sample Sun scorch on camellia Photo: Carrie Harmon, University of Florida Similar symptoms – submit sample Cold injury on camellia Photo: Richard Regan, Oregon State University P. ramorum symptoms on native rhododendron Shoot dieback Foliar blight Rhododendron macrophyllum Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University Foliar blight P. ramorum symptoms on rhododendron Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University Rhododendron macrophyllum P. ramorum symptoms on rhododendrons in nurseries Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation P. ramorum symptoms on rhododendron Rhododendron ‘Unique’ Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University P. ramorum symptoms on eastern native rhododendrons (inoculation trials) Photo: Paul Tooley, USDA-ARS Similar symptoms – submit sample Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora syringae Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University Similar symptoms – submit sample Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora species Photo: Mike Benson, NCSU Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum Phytophthora root rot - not caused by P. ramorum Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum Sun scorch, lesion does not extend down leaf midrib Photo: Rich Regan, Oregon State University Gray blight can develop on sun scorched rhododendron leaves Symptoms on pieris Pieris japonica Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture P. ramorum symptoms on pieris Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture Pieris japonica P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum Viburnum x bodnantense ‘’Dawn’ Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum Viburnum x bodnantense ‘Dawn’ Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum Viburnum plicatum tomentosum ‘Mariesii’ Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum stem canker Photo: Sabine Werres, Institut für Pflanzenschutz im Gartenbau, Germany P. ramorum symptoms on kalmia (mountain laurel) Photo: DEFRA Similar symptoms – submit sample Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel) Photo: Robert Linderman, USDA-ARS Similar symptoms – submit sample Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel) Photo: Peter Angwin, USDA-Forest Service P. ramorum symptoms on lilac Photo: Alexandra Schlenzig, Scottish Agricultural Science Agency Similar symptoms – submit sample Bacterial blight on lilac Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University P. ramorum symptoms on conifers Grand fir Photo: Santa Clara Co. (CA) Agriculture Dept. & Dave Rizzo, UC Davis Douglas-fir Screening Questions Plants likely to be infected by Phytophthora ramorum – Affected plant is on host list and purchased since 2002 – Affected plant is near a recently purchased host plant – Symptoms are consistent with Phytophthora ramorum Sample referral and submission In Washington state Master Gardeners and Extension Agents are asked to submit suspect samples to the WSU Puyallup Plant Clinic If you determine a sample should be submitted Download and fill out plant clinic sample form and follow approved procedures http://www.puyallup.wsu.edu/plantclinic/samples.htss.html Please consult the plant clinic before sending samples Don’t Cause Panic! Avoid alarming behavior. Don’t jump to conclusions. – Wait for lab result – Maintain confidentiality Procedures for submitting a sample Collect leaves that show various stages of symptom development. Take pictures of symptoms and environment. Packaging a sample Place sample on a paper towel. Do not wet the towel. Double bag and seal the sample in zippable bags. If shipping, use a crush proof box with seams sealed completely with tape. Be sure to include the sample submission form required by the Plant Clinic. Sending a sample Contact the sample recipient. Samples must be fresh and in good condition. Rapid delivery is critical (no Friday shipments). Remember to double bag samples and send in crush-proof box or sturdy envelope Sampling reminders The accuracy of a disease diagnosis can only be as good as the sample and information provided. Sample must be representative of symptoms and severity in the field and must contain the right material. Diagnostics: laboratory tests There are three detection methods: – Antibody test (ELISA) – Plating on selective media – DNA (PCR) Relatively expensive Time consuming Photo: Natalie Goldberg, New Mexico State University ELISA Plating PCR Acknowledgments WSU Puyallup Gary Chastagner Jenny Glass Original Authors of National PRED Program Jennifer Parke Susan Frankel Janice Alexander Carla Thomas Original Reviewers – Kitty Caldwell – Eugene Erickson – Jonathan Jones – Natalie Goldberg – Everett Hansen – Carrie Harmon – John Hartman Bill Hoffman Steve Oak Melodie Putnam Susan Ratcliffe David Rizzo Stacy Scott