Download Examine prevention strategies and treatments for substance abuse

Examine prevention strategies and treatments
for substance abuse and addictive behavior
Prevention strategies
• Tobacco use is a leading cause
of death according to The
World Health Organization
(WHO). Smoking kills about six
million smokers per year
worldwide.
• The health costs of smokingrelated diseases are rising.
• The WHO and governments
adopt various prevention
strategies to prevent young
people from starting to smoke
or to help people quit
smoking.
Examine prevention strategies and treatments
for substance abuse and addictive behavior
The WHO’s Mpower strategy.
• Monitor tobacco use and
prevention policies (e.g. help to
build strategies)
• Protect people from tobacco
smoke (e.g. smoke-free areas and
smoke-free legislation)
• Offer help to quit tobacco (e.g.
counselling and national quit
services)
• Warn about the dangers of
tobacco use (e.g. information and
pictures on billboards)
• Enforce bans on tobacco
advertising, promotion and
sponsorships
• Raise taxes on tobacco
Examine prevention strategies and treatments
for substance abuse and addictive behavior
Primary and secondary prevention
strategies
Primary prevention:
• Strategies to prevent people
from starting smoking (e.g.
bans on smoking in public
places, bans on tobacco
marketing, and health
promotion in the form of
education about the
dangers of smoking and
anti-smoking campaigns.
Secondary prevention:
• Interventions to help people
stop smoking (cessation),
such as nicotine
replacement and therapy
(i.e. treatment).
Examine prevention strategies and treatments
for substance abuse and addictive behavior
Effectiveness of primary prevention
• Lemstra et al. (2008)
and Gorini (2007) found
that a ban on smoking
in public places in Italy
and Canada decreased
the prevalence of
smoking (i.e. decreased
number of people who
smoke).
Examine prevention strategies and treatments
for substance abuse and addictive behavior
Effectiveness of secondary prevention
Treatments
• Treatment for nicotine
addiction is part of
secondary prevention and
typically based on
nicotine replacement or
drug therapy in
combination with advice
from health professionals.
Examine prevention strategies and treatments
for substance abuse and addictive behavior
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)
• Products such as nicotine
chewing gum, patches, and
nasal sprays contain low levels
of nicotine and are used to
relieve withdrawal symptoms
and control cravings.
• Electronic cigarettes are a
new form of NRT where
people inhale nicotine in the
vapour that comes from a
device looking like a cigarette.
• NRT products do not produce
the pleasurable effects of
tobacco products and should
in principle be less addictive.
Examine prevention strategies and treatments
for substance abuse and addictive behavior
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)
• Nicotine gum is now one of
the most used treatments
but some smokers are
unable to tolerate the taste
and chewing demands.
• Hughes (1993) found that
NRT is generally quite
effective in smoking
cessation but the problem is
that some people become
dependent on nicotine gum.
Examine prevention strategies and treatments
for substance abuse and addictive behavior
Experimental research on electronic cigarettes on
withdrawal
Bullen et al. (2010)
• Aim: investigate shortterm effectiveness of
electronic cigarettes on
desire to smoke and
withdrawal symptoms
compared to inhalators.
Examine prevention strategies and treatments
for substance abuse and addictive behavior
Experimental research on electronic cigarettes on
withdrawal
Bullen et al. (2010)
• Procedure: The design
was a single blind
controlled randomized
experiment. Participants
were 40 smokers who
smoke more than 10
cigarettes a day but had
not smoked overnight.
• They were given either
cigarettes, a nicotine
inhaler or electronic
cigarettes (either with 0
or 16 mg nicotine).
Examine prevention strategies and treatments
for substance abuse and addictive behavior
Experimental research on electronic cigarettes on
withdrawal
Bullen et al. (2010)
• Results: The electronic
cigarette produced the
same significant decline
in the desire to smoke as
the nicotine inhaler and
had fewer side effects.
• Even the 0 mg cigarette
suppressed the desire to
smoke.
• This is interesting because
it shows that simulation
of smoking behavior was
enough to reduce craving.
Examine prevention strategies and treatments
for substance abuse and addictive behavior