Download Lab 1 Intro to Blood and Heart Fall 2014 V9

Lab 1 – Blood Composition and formed elements
Plasma
• 55% of whole blood
• 90% water
• 8% proteins from liver
• 2% misc.
• Nutrients: AA, glucose, lipids vitamins, minerals
• Wastes: urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonium salts, lactic acid
• Gases: some CO2 and some O2
• Electrolytes: Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca++, H+
• Hormones
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Formed Elements
• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets make
up the formed elements – 45% of whole blood
• Leukocytes - WBCs
• Erythrocytes - RBCs (99%)
• Platelets – Thrombocytes - fragments
• Leukocytes and platelets = buffy coat (<1%)
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Formed
elements
1 Withdraw
2 Centrifuge the
blood and place
in tube.
blood sample.
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Plasma
• 55% of whole blood
• Least dense component
Buffy coat
• Leukocytes and platelets
• <1% of whole blood
Erythrocytes
• 45% of whole blood
• Most dense
component
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Figure 17.1
Platelets
Neutrophils
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Erythrocytes
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
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Figure 17.2
2.5 µm
Side view (cut)
7.5 µm
Top view
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Figure 17.3
Leukocytes
• Make up <1% of total blood volume
• Can leave capillaries via diapedesis
• Move through tissue spaces by ameboid
motion and positive chemotaxis
• Leukocytosis: WBC count over 11,000/mm3
• Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion
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Granulocytes
• Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and
basophils
• Cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with
Wright’s stain
• Larger and shorter-lived than RBCs
• Lobed nuclei
• Phagocytic
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Neutrophils
• Most numerous WBCs
• Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
• Fine granules take up both acidic and basic
dyes
• Give the cytoplasm a lilac color
• Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes or
defensins
• Very phagocytic—“bacteria slayers”
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(a) Neutrophil;
multilobed
nucleus
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(b) Eosinophil;
bilobed nucleus,
red cytoplasmic
granules
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(c) Basophil;
bilobed nucleus,
purplish-black
cytoplasmic
granules
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Figure 17.10 (a-c)
Eosinophils
• 1 – 4% of WBC
• Red-staining, bilobed nuclei
• Red to crimson (acidophilic) coarse,
lysosome-like granules
• Digest parasitic worms that are too large to be
phagocytized
• Modulators of the immune response
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(a) Neutrophil;
multilobed
nucleus
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(b) Eosinophil;
bilobed nucleus,
red cytoplasmic
granules
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(c) Basophil;
bilobed nucleus,
purplish-black
cytoplasmic
granules
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Figure 17.10 (a-c)
Basophils
• Rarest WBCs
• Large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules
contain histamine
• Histamine: an inflammatory chemical that acts
as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to
inflamed sites
• Are functionally similar to mast cells
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(a) Neutrophil;
multilobed
nucleus
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(b) Eosinophil;
bilobed nucleus,
red cytoplasmic
granules
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(c) Basophil;
bilobed nucleus,
purplish-black
cytoplasmic
granules
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Figure 17.10 (a-c)
Agranulocytes
• Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes
• Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
• Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei
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Lymphocytes
• 25% or more of WBC
• Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim
of blue cytoplasm
• Mostly in lymphoid tissue; few circulate in the
blood
• Crucial to immunity
• Two types
• T cells act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
• B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
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(d) Small
lymphocyte;
large spherical
nucleus
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(e) Monocyte;
kidney-shaped
nucleus
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Figure 17.10d, e
Monocytes
• 4 – 8% of WBC
• The largest leukocytes
• Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm
• Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei
• Leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into
macrophages
• Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses,
intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic
infections
• Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
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(d) Small
lymphocyte;
large spherical
nucleus
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(e) Monocyte;
kidney-shaped
nucleus
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Figure 17.10d, e
Platelets
• Small fragments of megakaryocytes
• Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
• Blue-staining outer region, purple granules
• Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes,
ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
• Form a temporary platelet plug that helps seal
breaks in blood vessels
• Circulating platelets are kept inactive and mobile
by NO and prostacyclin from endothelial cells of
blood vessels
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Stem cell
Developmental pathway
Hemocytoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
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Platelets
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Figure 17.12
Diagnostic Blood Tests
• Hematocrit
• Blood glucose tests
• Microscopic examination reveals variations in
size and shape of RBCs, indications of
anemias
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Diagnostic Blood Tests
• Differential WBC count
• Prothrombin time and platelet counts assess
hemostasis
• SMAC, a blood chemistry profile
• Complete blood count (CBC)
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Heart Anatomy
• Approximately the size of your fist
• Location
• Superior surface of diaphragm
• Left of the midline
• Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to
the sternum
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Figure 18.2a Location of the heart in the mediastinum.
Midsternal line
2nd rib
Sternum
Diaphragm
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Location of
apical impulse
Figure 18.1 The systemic and pulmonary circuits.
Capillary beds of
lungs where gas
exchange occurs
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary
arteries
Aorta and branches
Venae
cavae
Right
atrium
Right
ventricle
Oxygen-rich,
CO2-poor blood
Oxygen-poor,
CO2-rich blood
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Pulmonary veins
Left
atrium
Heart
Left
ventricle
Systemic Circuit
Capillary beds of all
body tissues where
gas exchange occurs
Figure 18.2 Location of the heart in the mediastinum.
Mediastinum
Midsternal line
2nd rib
Diaphragm
Sternum
Heart
Left lung
Location of
apical impulse
Body of T7
vertebra
Posterior
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
trunk
Aorta
Parietal pleura
(cut)
Left lung
Pericardium (cut)
Apex of heart
Diaphragm
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Figure 18.3 The pericardial layers and layers of the heart wall.
Pulmonary
trunk
Fibrous pericardium
Pericardium
Parietal layer of serous
pericardium
Myocardium
Pericardial cavity
Epicardium (visceral
layer of serous
pericardium)
Myocardium
Endocardium
Heart chamber
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Heart
wall
Figure 18.5e Gross anatomy of the heart.
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Right pulmonary veins
Fossa ovalis
Pectinate muscles
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Chordae tendineae
Trabeculae carneae
Inferior vena cava
Frontal section
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Left pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Left pulmonary veins
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve
Left ventricle
Papillary muscle
Interventricular septum
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Heart Valves
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Figure 18.8a, b
Heart Valves
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Figure 18.8c, d
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Superior
vena cava
Left common
carotid artery
Left
subclavian artery
Aortic arch
Right
pulmonary artery
Ligamentum
arteriosum
Left pulmonary artery
Ascending
aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Right
pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Right coronary
artery (in coronary
sulcus)
Anterior
cardiac vein
Right ventricle
Marginal artery
Small cardiac vein
Inferior
vena cava
(b)
Left pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Auricle
Circumflex
artery
Left coronary
artery (in coronary
sulcus)
Left ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Anterior
interventricular artery
(in anterior
interventricular sulcus)
Apex
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Figure 18.4b
Aorta
Left
pulmonary artery
Left
pulmonary veins
Auricle
of left atrium
Left atrium
Superior
vena cava
Right
pulmonary artery
Right
pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Great cardiac vein
Inferior
vena cava
Posterior vein
of left ventricle
Right coronary
artery (in coronary
sulcus)
Coronary sinus
Apex
Posterior
interventricular artery
(in posterior
interventricular sulcus)
Middle cardiac vein
(d)
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
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Figure 18.4d