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Outline for Vertebrate Body Systems Honors version biology page | links to all classes | alien life form project | homework Bodyquest - exploration of anatomy Interactive anatomy - knees, brain, nerves, thoracic cavity (lungs, etc) animated human organs (focus is on circulation/immune system organs; zoom in to magnified microscope images) bone structure and function anatomy atlases -- lots of links to anatomy sites human anatomy online - animations of the body systems visible human project - scans of human anatomy dream anatomy - the history of anatomical illustrations NOTE - page numbers for chap 20-26 have not been updated for text version 6 I. Homeostasis: vertebrate bodies are organized into various organs and systems which help the body maintain a stable internal environment. (see p. 425-426, fig. 20.12B and 20.13) II. Circulatory system (click for animation) A. role: provide oxygen for cells (respiration); carry away carbon dioxide, urea, and other waste products; transport sugar (food) to cells; and transport of hormones. B. 2, 3, and 4 chambered hearts, with single or double-loop (see fig. 22.10A, p. 460) anatomy of the heart compare hearts and circulation of various vertebrates C. closed circulatory systems (fig. 23.2C, p. 467) D. blood cells 1. red blood cells carry oxygen (protein carrier is hemoglobin – p. 461 fig. 22.11) 2. types of blood cells – p. 477 E. blood vessels – arteries, veins, and capillaries (fig. 23.5, p. 470) III. Respiration, digestion and excretion A. getting oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide out 1. terrestrial animals - lungs (fig. 22.6; inhalation – fig. 22.8A) 2. fish - gills - counter-current system B. breakdown of food (click for a virtual tour) Digestive system anatomy 1. pathway: mouth, stomach, small intestine, blood (fig. 21.8 and 21.10) 2. stages of digestion – p. 431 3. enzymes involved – p. 438 4. ruminants have adaptations for cellulose/fiber (p. 441) 5. liver function – p. 514, fig. 25.13 C. processing of waste and controlling water loss: kidneys (click for animation to see how it works) - p. 509-513 1. fish – salt vs. fresh water modifications (p. 507, fig. 25.5B) 2. types of waste – fig. 25.8 3. functional unit of the kidney is the nephron (see fig. 25.9, 25.10, 25.11) D. temperature control – p. 504-506 IV. Nervous system A. central nervous system (CNS) - brain and spinal chord (p. 573, fig. 28.11A) interactive brain atlas B. peripheral nervous system (PNS) - p. 574, fig. 28.12A. Includes sensory and motor neurons. C. Motor neurons include somatic (conscious - control muscles/movement) and autonomic (unconscious - breathing, heartbeat, etc.) interactive knee atlas (nerves, muscles, bones) D. autonomic system includes sympathetic vs. parasympathetic, which have opposite effects (see fig. 28.13, p. 575) E. how a nerve impulse is generated - see see p. 566-569 | check out this animation of a neuron V. Immune system - see notes on viruses and bacteria A. non-specific defences - skin, etc. B. specific defenses - B cells, antibodies, and T cells. VI. Endocrine system (hormones) A. hormones are molecules that are produced at one location (a gland) and effect the action of another part of the body. They are circulated in the blood. B. steroid vs. protein hormones C. examples of glands - fig. 26.3, p. 520 D. examples of hormones and their effects - table pg. 521 1. master gland – pituitary (p. 522-523) 2. negative feedback – calcium levels – p. 525, fig. 26.6 3. glucose levels – fig. 26.7, p. 526 diabetes – p. 527 4. adrenal gland – “fight or flight” response – fig. 26.9, p. 528 5. sex hormones – p. 529 E. pheromones - hormones released outside the body, affecting another individual. Can be for communication or related to mating. VII. Reproduction A. Basic "strategies" 1. r vs. K selected populations 2. asexual vs. sexual 3. internal vs. external fertilization 4. hermaphroditism B. Human male anatomy - fig. 27.3 1. hormonal control of testes/sperm production - fig. 27.3D C. Human female anatomy - fig. 27.2 p. 536-537 developmental stages of male and female genital anatomy - with evident homologies D. Gamete formation differs in males and females and involves meiosis (fig. 27.4A and B) E. The ovarian and menstrual cycles - fig. 27.5 and 27.6 physiological effects of oxytocin F. STDs and contraception (p. 544-545) G. Fertilization - fig. 27.9 H. Stages of development | check animations and images of the developmental pathway 1. Initial cell divisions (cleavage) lead to a blastula (fig. 27.10) 2. Gastrulation produces a three-layer embryo 3. organ formation begins with the neural tube, while developmental layers produce other tissues and the coelom I. Human developmental stages 1. implantation - fig. 27.15 2. extraembryonic membranes and placenta - p. 555 3. development is divided into trimesters 4. birth is hormonally induced - fig 27.17 BACK to TOP