Download vertebrate body systems -

Outline for Vertebrate Body Systems
Biology 520
Most of our attention will be on the endocrine system and reproduction (Chap 34)
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Interactive anatomy - knees, brain, nerves, thoracic cavity (lungs, etc)
animated human organs (focus is on circulation/immune system organs; zoom in to
magnified microscope images)
bone structure and function
anatomy atlases -- lots of links to anatomy sites
human anatomy online - animations of the body systems
visible human project - scans of human anatomy
dream anatomy - the history of anatomical illustrations
I. Homeostasis: vertebrate bodies are organized into various organs and systems which help the
body maintain a stable internal environment.
II. Circulatory system (click for animation)
A. role: provide oxygen for cells (respiration); carry away carbon dioxide, urea,
and other waste products; transport sugar (food) to cells; and transport of
hormones.
B. 2, 3, and 4 chambered hearts, with single or double-loop
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anatomy of the heart
C. closed circulatory systems
D. blood cells
1. red blood cells carry oxygen (protein carrier is hemoglobin)
2. types of blood cells
E. blood vessels – arteries, veins, and capillaries
III. Respiration, digestion and excretion
A. getting oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide out
1. terrestrial animals - lungs
2. fish - gills - counter-current system
B. breakdown of food (click for a virtual tour)
1. pathway: mouth, stomach, small intestine, blood
2. stages of digestion
3. enzymes involved
4. ruminants have adaptations for cellulose/fiber
5. liver function
C. processing of waste and controlling water loss: kidneys
1. fish – salt vs. fresh water modifications
2. types of waste
3. functional unit of the kidney is the nephron
D. temperature control
IV. Nervous system
A. central nervous system (CNS) - brain and spinal chord
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interactive brain atlas
B. peripheral nervous system (PNS). Includes sensory and motor neurons.
C. Motor neurons include somatic (conscious - control muscles/movement) and
autonomic (unconscious - breathing, heartbeat, etc.)
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interactive knee atlas (nerves, muscles, bones)
D. autonomic system includes sympathetic vs. parasympathetic, which have
opposite effects
E. how a nerve impulse is generated | check out this animation of a neuron
V. Immune system
A. non-specific defences - skin, etc.
B. specific defenses - B cells, antibodies, and T cells.
VI. Endocrine system (hormones)
A. hormones are molecules that are produced at one location (a gland) and effect
the action of another part of the body. They are circulated in the blood.
B. steroid vs. protein hormones (fig 34-2 and 34-3)
C. examples of glands - fig. 34-1, p. 979
D. examples of hormones and their effects
1. master gland – pituitary (p. 982, fig 34-4)
2. negative feedback – blood sugar levels – p. 984
3. glucose levels – p. 984
4. adrenal gland – “fight or flight” response – p. 983
5. sex hormones – p. 985
E. pheromones - hormones released outside the body, affecting another
individual. Can be for communication or related to mating.
VII. Reproduction
A. Basic "strategies"
1. r vs. K selected populations
2. asexual vs. sexual
3. internal vs. external fertilization
4. hermaphroditism
B. Human male anatomy - fig. 34-11
C. Human female anatomy - fig. 34-13, p. 991
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developmental stages of male and female genital anatomy - with evident
homologies
D. Gamete formation differs in males and females and involves meiosis ( p. 990)
E. The ovarian and menstrual cycles - fig. 34-14
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physiological effects of oxytocin
F. STDs and contraception (p. 994)
G. Fertilization - fig. 34-17
H. Stages of development | check animations and images of the developmental pathway
1. Initial cell divisions (cleavage) lead to a blastula (fig. 34-19)
2. Gastrulation produces a three-layer embryo (fig 34-20)
3. organ formation begins with the neural tube, while developmental layers produce
other tissues and the coelom (fig 34-21)
I. Human developmental stages
1. implantation
2. extraembryonic membranes and placenta - fig 34-22
3. development is divided into trimesters - fig 34-23
4. birth is hormonally induced
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