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The Crusades
4 CAUSES
4 DETAILS
a
c
b
4 FIGURES
d
4 EFFECTS
The Crusades
Followalong, and list 4 causes, 4 figures, 4 events & 4 effects.
4 CAUSES
4 DETAILS
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2
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4
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2
3
4
4 FIGURES
4 EFFECTS
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2
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The Crusades
4 CAUSES
a
1) Expansion of Islam
Beginning in the
600s AD, the prophet
Muhammad united much
of Arabia behind a new
religion called Islam.
Followers of Islam are
called Muslims. Because
of trade networks, the
religion of Islam spread
beyond Arabia to the rest
of the Middle East as well
as parts of Asia, North
Africa and Southern
Europe.
The Crusades
4 CAUSES
a
2) Significance of
Jerusalem
The city of Jerusalem
is of enormous importance to
all three major monotheistic
religions. Jews believe the
city to be the capital of the
land promised to them by
God in the 1400s BC.
Christians know it to be the
city where Jesus ministered
and was eventually crucified.
And Muslims believe that
Muhammad ascended to
heaven from there.
The Crusades
4 CAUSES
a
3) Promise of Fortune
One thing that was
common in the minds of
many of the first crusaders
was the enormous wealth
that existed on the way to
the holy lands. The
Byzantine Empire and
parts of Asia Minor were
said to be extremely
wealthy. Looting and
pillaging would become a
common theme of the
crusades.
The Crusades
4 CAUSES
a
4) Pope’s Calling
Pope Urban called a
meeting of church leaders
and nobles in France at the
Council of Clermont. Here,
the pope discussed the need
to aid the (Christian)
Byzantine Empire as they
were threatened by
expanding Muslim powers in
Eastern Europe. The pope
also mentioned the Holy
Lands being occupied by
Muslims, and offered
forgiveness of sins for those
who would go to reclaim it.
The Crusades
4 FIGURES
b
1) Pope Urban II
Pope Urban II was leader
of Catholic Church from 10881099. There is much to his
legacy, including expanding
Catholic influence into Sicily.
But his call for a crusade to
retake the Holy Lands is the most
prominent feature of his legacy.
The Crusades
4 FIGURES
b
2) Alexius I
Alexius I ruled the
Byzantine Empire from 19811118. This was the eastern half
of the Roman Empire that thrived
centuries after the fall of Rome.
Alexius appealed to allies in the
west such as the pope to come
help fight the Muslim Turks who
were threatening his territories.
The Crusades
4 FIGURES
b
3) Saladin
Saladin stands above the rest
as the greatest Muslim military
leader of the crusades. He captured
and united regions around the Holy
Lands such as modern-day Syria
and Palestine. He defeated
Crusader armies (notably at the
Battle of Hattin) and was highly
respected by friends and enemies.
The Crusades
4 FIGURES
b
4) King Richard I
King Richard of England
was known as “Richard the
Lionheart” and led the Third
Crusade. He was of comparable
status to Saladin. In fact, the two
were both notable for their
military excellence, bravery and
chivalry and were said to have the
highest respect for each other.
The Crusades
4 DETAILS
c
1 ) Re c o n q u i s t a
Around the same
time as Pope Urban II
called the first crusade,
Pope Alexander called for
Christians to reclaim the
Iberian Peninsula (Spain
and Portugal). This
struggle went of for
hundreds of years. The
Reconquista and the
Crusades became linked
as a widespread struggle
for all of Christendom.
The Crusades
4 DETAILS
c
2) Series of Crusades
Although the pope
called for the recapture of the
Holy Lands in 1096, there
were in fact at least seven
separate crusades spanning
over 150 years (into the mid
1200s). There were times
when Christians reclaimed
the city of Jerusalem and
surrounding Palestine, and
there were times when
Muslim armies did. In the
end, the region was
controlled by Muslims, just
as it had started.
The Crusades
4 DETAILS
c
3) Sieges of cities
A notorious feature of these
wars was the siege of cities. A siege
is the process of starving out a
fortified city or breaching its walls
with siege towers and latters. This
could last months or even years.
Large sieges included Jerusalem
(1099 and 1187) and the Crusaders
taking the port city of Acre in the
Third Crusade, which took two years.
The Crusades
4 DETAILS
c
4) Muslims Unite
What ultimately led
to the defeat of the
Christian crusaders was
the fact that the Muslim
armies united behind
Saladin and others. Unlike
the European Christians,
most of the Muslim
defenders were local to
the region and did not
need to invest the same
level of commitment to
journey or go crusading to
the holy lands.
The Crusades
4 EFFECTS
c
A lasting effect of the
Crusades is of course the
negative legacy that it has left
on the Catholic Church and
Christianity in particular, and
on religion in general. The
pope offered salvation to men
who were known to rape, kill
and pillage in barbaric fashion.
1) Tainted Church History
The Crusades
4 EFFECTS
c
2) Death Toll
It is difficult to find
a precise death toll from
the Crusades. Most
estimates are just over
or just under 1,000,000.
These numbers include
not only Christian
Crusaders and Muslim
defenders, but also
civilians killed in
massacres and in sieges
of cities along the way.
The Crusades
4 EFFECTS
c
3) Religious Tension
The Crusades naturally
caused increased tension between
not only Muslims and Christians,
but also Jews. Many Jews (men,
women and children) were killed in
a massacre the first siege of
Jerusalem. The need for revenge
led to yet two more, small scale
crusades in 1270 and 1271.
The Crusades
4 EFFECTS
c
4) Conflict to this day
Today, the Holy Lands
remain the subject of tension.
Jews moved back into
Palestine to establish the
State of Israel after World War
2, pushing the mostly Muslim
Palestinians to the West Bank
and the Gaza Strip. Western
‘Christian’ nations largely
supported Israel when they
warred with six Arab nations
in 1948, and many continue to
be allied with Israel.
The Crusades
4 CAUSES
4 DETAILS
a
c
b
4 FIGURES
d
4 EFFECTS