Download Unit 1 Revision Alphabet Answers

Name……………………...................................
A and B words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)
Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes
1
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the body
2
Made up of a systolic and a diastolic component, with units either in kPa or
mmHg
3
A type of drug that works by reducing the tendency of blood to form clots.
Warfarin is an example of this type of drug
Anticoagulant
4
Carried out around 15-17 weeks of pregnancy, with a risk of between 0.5 – 1%
of causing a miscarriage, this is a technique used to sample cells from the
foetus by inserting a needle into the fluid surrounding it
Amniocentesis
54
Chest pain when heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen, due to
narrowing of coronary arteries
65
Found in some vitamins, these protect against damage by reactive, unstable,
radicals to cell components. They work by providing hydrogen atoms which
stabilise the radical by pairing up with its unpaired electron.
7
Base in nucleic acids
Adenine
8
A molecule in starch, with an un-branched chain of 200 -5000 glucose
molecules
Amylose
9
The disease process that leads to coronary heart disease and ischaemic
stroke
10
These open when atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure
11
A condition in which a defective gene prevents production of pigment in skin or
hair
Albinism
12
Movement of substances across a membrane against a concentration gradient
Active transport
13
Deposit on arterial wall, mainly composed of cholesterol, which has not yet had
a build up of calcium salts or fibrous tissue
Atheroma
14
What heart muscle is forced to do when insufficient oxygen is available
15
Small airway ending in alveolus
16
Chamber of the heart
17
Body mass in kg divided by height in metres squared, gives this internationally
accepted method of classifying people
Body Mass Index / BMI
18
A bulge in an artery wall, due to narrowing of the lumen in front. If it ruptures, it
could be fatal
Aneurysm
19
One of the different forms of a particular gene
Allele
20
Energy transfer molecule
ATP
AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth
Aorta
Blood Pressure
Angina
Antioxidants
Atherosclerosis
Atrio-ventricular valves
Anaerobic respiration
Bronchiole
Atrium
Name……………………...................................
C and D words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)
Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes
1
Formed when two sugars have combined in a condensation reaction
2
Molecules that span the cell membrane. They have water-filled pores. They
have a specific shape so only molecules / ions with matching shapes can pass.
Some of the pores can be opened or closed
3
The channel protein that allows diffusion of chloride ions out of an epithelial
cell in the lungs – when it is defective (due to a gene mutation) extra-sticky
mucus forms and cystic fibrosis results
CFTR
4
Blood vessels composed only of squamous epithelial cells and a basement
membrane
Capillaries
5
Hair-like extensions of the cell membrane in cells lining the airways, that help
keep microbes / dust / particles out of the lungs
6
Diseases of the heart and circulation
7
Passive movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration
Diffusion
8
Ventricular relaxation / filling phase
Diastole
9
Scientists look for links between various factors that might cause a disease
and the incidence of the disease i.e. they look for a ……………..
10
Epidemiological studies may show a correlation between a factor and a
disease but it does not prove that they are linked....
11
Proteins within cell membranes that have specifically shaped binding sites for
ions or molecules that are required to cross membranes
12
The opposite of hydrolysis
Condensation (reaction)
13
Diffusion relies on this – if this becomes zero, net movement of substances by
diffusion will stop.
Concentration gradient
14
Every triplet code on DNA gives rise to a complementary one of these on
mRNA
15
The 5 carbon sugar that makes up DNA (along with a phosphate group and an
organic base)
16
One of the two main forms of cardiovascular disease, the other being stroke
17
One complete sequence of filling and pumping blood
18
Deposits of this on an artery wall is called an atheroma, but it is needed in
formation of animal cell membranes
19
hydrogen bonding between water molecules is the result of the molecules .....
20
Blue dye used to determine concentration of vitamin C in food and drink
AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth
Disaccharides
Channel proteins
Cilia
Cardiovascular disease /
CVD
Correlation
Causally / by causation
Carrier proteins /
carriers
Codon
Deoxyribose
Coronary heart disease
Cardiac cycle
Cholesterol
Dipole nature
DCPIP
Name……………………...................................
E, F and G words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)
Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes
1
Name given to current model of the structure of the unit (cell) membrane
Fluid mosaic (model)
2
Replacement of a faulty allele of a gene with a normal allele of the gene
Gene therapy
3
One of the first steps (involving cells) in the course of events leading to
atherosclerosis
Endothelial damage
4
During blood clotting, insoluble fibrin protein is made from this soluble plasma
protein
5
Transport across a cell membrane that is passive (requires no additional
energy), moves substances down their concentration gradient (from high to
low) and uses carrier protein molecules
Facilitated diffusion
6
Sequence of triplet bases in DNA determining which amino acids are linked
and in which order is known as this
Genetic code
7
Used for bulk transport of substances out of the cell
8
Studies designed to determine health risk factors
9
Biological catalysts that can be immobilised for industrial use, thus allowing
higher temperatures to be used for some reactions and / or the product to
become less contaminated
10
These surfaces in mammalian lungs have large surface to volume ratios, are
thin and have a high concentration difference across them
Gas exchange
11
The characteristic caused by this, i.e. its observable effect, is the phenotype
Genotype
12
A carbohydrate stored in the liver
Glycogen
13
Factors that increase the risk of CVD include genetic, diet, age, high blood
pressure and smoking. Another factor is ………
14
A type of gene therapy that is not currently permitted in the UK as it could alter
the genetic content of every cell in the body
15
An example of this: when DNA replicates, an incorrect base may slip into
place
16
Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are two techniques used for this
Embryo testing / genetic
screening
17
These are formed when substrate molecules form temporary bonds with the
amino acids of the active site
Enzyme-substrate
complexes
18
Synthesis of triglycerides involves the formation of these type of bonds
between glycerol and three fatty acids
Ester
19
A sequence of bases on a DNA molecule coding for a sequence of amino
acids in a polypeptide chain
Gene
20
Disaccharides contain these type of bonds
AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth
Fibrinogen
Exocytosis
Epidemiological
Enzymes
Gender
Germ line therapy
Gene mutation
Glycosidic
Name……………………...................................
H, I, J and K words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)
Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes
1
Neurones send these
2
The ratio of these to another type of lipoprotein have a lot of
significance for health (these are the ‘good guys’)
3
Units for blood pressure
kPa / kiloPascals
4
This results when not enough blood gets to the brain
Ischaemic stroke
5
Having different alleles for the same gene
Heterozygous
6
Part of the course of events leading to atherosclerosis, involving
white blood cells
Inflammatory
response
7
This occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain bursts
8
Having the same alleles for a particular gene
Homozygous
9
Another term for high blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure is
considered to be one of the most significant factors in the
development of cardiovascular disease
Hypertension
10 Unit for measuring energy
Impulses
HDL / high density
lipoproteins
Haemorrhagic stroke
Joule
The pressure exerted by a liquid. It will be the same as ‘blood
11 pressure’ in the vessels of the circulatory system. It is important in
the formation of tissue fluid
Hydrostatic pressure
In carbohydrates, there are two parts of this for every oxygen
molecule
Hydrogen
13 The process that converts lactose into glucose and galactose
Hydrolysis
12
14
A factor that is a risk factor for heart disease; the majority of adults in
the UK claim that they lack the time to counteract this factor
AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth
Inactivity
Name……………………...................................
L, M, N and O words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)
Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes
1
The result of abnormal tissue fluid accumulation
2
A statement that assumes (for the sake of the argument) that there will be no
difference between an experimental group and a control group and then
testing this statement using statistical analysis
Null hypothesis
3
Often calculated to help with risk assessment. It is essential that figures like
this are accurate, dated, and specific with regard to country. Often the cause,
such as a specific disease, is given.
Mortality rates
4
Single sugar units such as glucose
5
A type of diffusion involving free water molecules moving through a partially
permeable membrane
6
These carry more cholesterol than the other kind, so this affects their density.
They are formed from saturated fats and can overload membrane receptors
resulting in high levels of blood cholesterol
Low-density lipoproteins
7
Missing bases, incorrect bases and swapped bases in DNA can all lead to this
Mutation
8
Cystic fibrosis is an example of this, where the characteristic is controlled by
only one gene. Thalassaemia is another example of this type of inheritance
Monohybrid
(inheritance)
9
Mendel investigated the colour and shape of peas produced by pea plants.
The structure of something that includes its shape is known as its ………
Morphology
10
Gene therapy and genetic screening both raise ethical and ……………..
Moral issues
11
Some animal groups have this system, in which the blood circulates in large,
open spaces
12
The rate at which reactions in the body take place
13
Alternative term for heart attack
14
Product of anaerobic respiration that causes the pain of angina
15
Fats and oils
17
A disaccharide produced when amylase breaks down starch. Found in
germinating seeds
18
Insoluble cholesterol is combined with proteins to form these soluble
substances that can be transported in the blood
19
The eventual consequence of a positive energy balance
Obesity
20
A disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose
Lactose
AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth
Oedema
Monosaccharides
Osmosis
Open circulatory
(system)
Metabolic rate
Myocardial infarction
Lactic acid
Lipids
Maltose
Lipoproteins
Name……………………...................................
P, Q and R words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)
Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes
1
Found on the inner wall of an artery, this hard swelling reduces the elasticity of
arteries. It causes arteries to narrow and can lead to an increase in blood
pressure
2
Formed from many sugar units joined by condensation reactions
Polysaccharides
3
The sequence of amino acids which determines the final (tertiary) shape of a
protein
Primary structure
4
Contains adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil
5
A soluble plasma protein that is converted into an enzyme that catalyses the
conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin in a series of cascade
reactions……the end result being a blood clot
Prothrombin
6
Essential for protein synthesis; ‘read’ mRNA. Sometimes free in the
cytoplasm, sometimes linked to endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
7
Things that increase the chance of a harmful outcome
Risk factor
8
Primary, secondary, tertiary and sometimes quaternary structure describes
these giant molecules
9
Term used to describe how DNA copies itself (also used for viral multiplication)
Replication
10
Determined by the genotype
Phenotype
11
There is a tendency to overestimate the risks of sudden imposed dangers
where the consequences are severe, and underestimate a risk if it has an
effect in the long-term, even if that effect is severe – this is described as the
……………of risk
12
Cystic fibrosis impairs the functioning of the gas exchange system, the
digestive system and this system
13
Can be felt where an artery passes over a bone close to the skin
14
Cell fragments without a nucleus involved in formation of blood clots
AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth
Plaque
RNA
Proteins
Perception (of risk)
Reproductive system
Pulse
Platelets
Name……………………...................................
S and T words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)
Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes
1
Formation of a blood clot that may block an artery
2
Type of circulation found in fish, where the blood only flows through the heart
once for each complete circuit of the body
3
Process that starts with mRNA codons and ends with linked chain of amino
acids
Translation
4
Contraction of the heart, forcing blood out at high pressure. May be used to
describe just the contraction of the ventricles, unless qualified.
Systole
5
Valves between ventricles and arteries leaving the heart
6
The complicated series of reactions that leads to clotting starts with the
release of this substance that catalyses the conversion of prothrombin to
thrombin
Thromboplastin
7
Symptoms of this include: sudden onset, numbness, dizziness, confusion,
slurred speech and blurred or loss of vision
Stroke
8
Process of making two molecules of DNA from one molecule of DNA
9
Epidemiologists often collect large amounts of data to look for correlations
between factors that may cause disease. Large amounts of data are needed
to ensure that any correlation found is this
Statistically significant
10
Traditional device for measuring blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer
11
Type of muscle in walls of some blood vessels
12
Formed by fluid forced out of capillaries
Tissue fluid
13
Strand of DNA used to produce mRNA
Template
14
Breaks down into glucose and fructose
Sucrose
15
Type of very flat, epithelial cells found lining alveoli – otherwise called
pavement epithelia
16
The genetic code is this type of code, whereby 3 bases code for one amino
acid
Triplet
17
Scientist who worked with Meselson on experiment which provided data to
support the accepted theory of replication
Stahl
AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth
Thrombosis
Single
Semi-lunar
Semi-conservative
replication
Smooth
Squamous
Name……………………...................................
U, V, W, X, Y and Z words / phrases (all taken from Topics 1 and 2, Unit 1)
Hint: most of the terms are taken from the Learning Outcomes
1
There is a tendency to do this with risks, if they have an effect in the long-term
future, even if that effect is severe
2
Muscular chambers of the heart
3
Description of lipids with double bonds in their structure
4
Organic base found only in RNA
5
These can be water-soluble and fat-soluble. They are key components of a
balanced diet
6
An ethical approach with no moral absolutes
7
Rate of diffusion, at gas exchange surfaces, is inversely proportional to this,
as described by Fick’s Law
Thickness of gas
exchange surface
8
The mucus of cystic fibrosis sufferers is stickier than usual as it contains less
of this substance
Water
9
DNA is said to have done this when the two strands have unwound and the
hydrogen bonds between the organic bases have broken
10
CVS stands for chorionic ……………….. sampling
Villus
11
IVF stands for in …………….. fertilisation
Vitro
12
Epidemiological studies that determine health factors must be designed to
produce data that is reliable and ..............
Valid
13
The major blood vessel carrying blood from the body to the heart
14
Contraction of the heart forcing blood out into the arteries
15
Small blood vessels that carry blood from capillaries towards the heart
AS / SNAB / updated Nov 2009 from original by Sue Howarth
Underestimate
Ventricles
Unsaturated
Uracil
Vitamins
Utilitarianism
Unzipped
Vena cava
Ventricular systole
Venules