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How did plans to unify the nation
differ after the Civil War?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• Reconstruction
• amnesty
Academic Vocabulary
• radical
• adjust
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Ten Percent Plan
• Radical Republicans
• Thaddeus Stevens
• Wade-Davis Bill
• Freedmen’s Bureau
• John Wilkes Booth
• Andrew Johnson
If you were President Lincoln, how would you have
treated the South after it lost the Civil War?
A. I would have punished the South severely.
B. I would have forgiven the states and
allowed them to rejoin the Union
immediately.
A. A
B. B
0%
0%
0%
0%
C. C
I would have allowed the states to rejoin the
Union but not given them representation in D.
government
for
D
a certain amount of time.
D
C
B
D.
A
C. I would have allowed the southern states
to rejoin the Union as soon as they
denounced slavery.
Reconstruction Debate
Government leaders disagreed about how
Southern states could rejoin the Union.
Americans disagreed on how to go about
rebuilding the Southern economy and society
and how to readmit the Confederate states to the
Union.
the reorganization and rebuilding
of the former Confederate states
after the Civil War
The period of rebuilding is called Reconstruction .
Reconstruction Debate (cont.)
Reconstruction Debate (cont.)
Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan allowed Southern
states to rejoin the Union after 10 percent of
their voters took an oath of loyalty and
adopted a new constitution that banned
slavery.
– Three states—Louisiana, Arkansas, and
Tennessee—set up governments under
the plan in 1864.
Viewing Lincoln’s Funeral Train
Reconstruction Debate (cont.)
Lincoln offered amnesty to all
white Southerners who would
swear loyalty to the Union, except
Confederate leaders.
the granting of pardon to a
large number of persons;
protection from prosecution
for an illegal act
Thaddeus Stevens and others—known
as the Radical Republicans—considered
Lincoln’s plan too forgiving and favored a
more radical approach.
extreme
Reconstruction Debate (cont.)
• The Wade-Davis Bill, passed by Congress
in 1864, had tougher requirements for
readmission to the Union.
– Lincoln refused to sign the bill.
Lincoln and Congress set up the Freedmen’s Bureau
to help African Americans adjust to freedom.
Which of the following was a provision of the
Wade-Thomas Bill?
A. African American males in a state
had to swear loyalty to the Union.
B. Former Confederates could
not hold public office.
had to be formerly enslaved people.
0%
D
C
B
A
A. A
C. Confederate states could be
B. 0%B 0%
0%
admitted to the Union even if
they kept slavery.
C. C
D. Half of all delegates to a constitutional convention
D. D
Johnson’s Plan
After Lincoln was assassinated,
Andrew Johnson became president
and announced his plan of
“Restoration.”
John Parker
Act 3, Scene 2, “Don’t know the manners of good society, eh? Well, I guess
I know enough to turn you inside out, old gal – you sockdologizing old mantrap.”
Johnson’s Plan (cont.)
• Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by
Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes
Booth on April 14, 1865.
• Vice President Andrew Johnson became
president and set up a plan for
Reconstruction, called “Restoration.”
• By the end of 1865, all former Confederate
states, except Texas, had new governments,
ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, and were
ready to rejoin the Union.
Viewing Lincoln’s Funeral Train
What did the Thirteenth Amendment
accomplish?
A. It welcomed former Confederate
states back into the Union.
0%
D
0%
C
D. It abolished slavery throughout
the Union.
A
B
0%
C
D
B
C. It pardoned Confederate
leaders.
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
A
B. It made secession illegal.
African Americans’ Rights
When Northerners realized that
African Americans in the South were
still being mistreated, they worked
to find a way to help them.
African Americans’ Rights (cont.)
Violence against African Americans in Memphis convinced
Radical Republicans that Johnson’s Reconstruction plan
was not strong.
laws passed in the South just after the Civil
War aimed at controlling freedmen and
enabling plantation owners to exploit
African American workers
Many Southern states passed black codes to control
the African American population.
African Americans’ Rights (cont.)
Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866
which granted full citizenship to African Americans
and gave the federal government the power to
intervene in state affairs to protect their rights.
– President Johnson vetoed the bill, but
Republicans in Congress had enough votes
to override the veto.
to overturn or defeat, as
a bill proposed in
Congress
The Fourteenth Amendment granted full
citizenship to anyone born in the United States.
Radical Reconstruction
Radical Republicans were able to
put their version of Reconstruction
into action.
Radical Reconstruction (cont.)
Congress passed a series of laws during Radical
Reconstruction.
– The First Reconstruction Act set up
military commanders to govern 10 Southern
states until new state governments were
created.
– The Second Reconstruction Act required
the military commanders to register voters
and prepare for state
constitutional conventions.
Military Reconstruction Districts, 1867
Radical Reconstruction (cont.)
– The Tenure of Office Act prohibited the
president from removing government
officials without the Senate’s approval.
• In 1867, President Johnson suspended and
then removed from office Secretary of War
Edwin Stanton without the Senate’s approval.
• The House of Representatives voted to
impeach Johnson, but the Senate failed to
achieve the two-thirds majority required for
conviction.
Radical Reconstruction (cont.)
The election of Ulysses S. Grant
as president in 1868 showed that
voters supported the Republican
approach to Reconstruction.
The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in
1870, prohibited the state and federal
governments from denying the right to
vote to any male citizen because of
“race, color, or previous condition of
servitude.”
Reconstruction Politics
As African Americans began to take
part in civic life in the South, they
faced resistance, including violence,
from whites.
Reconstruction Politics (cont.)
Though they did not control any state government, African
Americans were elected to public office and played an
important role in Reconstruction politics.
Hiram Revels was elected to
the U.S. Senate in 1870.
– Blanche K. Bruce, a
former escaped slave,
was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 1874.
Reconstruction Politics (cont.)
Between 1869 and 1880, 16 African Americans
served in the House of Representatives.
Southerners who supported the
Republicans were called scalawags
by former Confederates.
Northerners who moved South after the
war were known as carpetbaggers
carpetbaggers .
Many Southerners accused
Reconstruction governments of
corruption.
dishonest or illegal actions
Southern whites who supported
Republicans were called
A. scalawags
B. sharecroppers
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. freedmen
B
C. carpetbaggers
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Education and Farming
Education improved for both races
in the South, but the sharecropping
system limited economic
opportunities for African Americans.
Education and Farming (cont.)
Reconstruction governments created public
schools and academies for both races.
A few states required that schools be
integrated, but the laws were not
enforced.
to end separation of different
races and bring into equal
membership in society
Education and Farming
system of farming in
which a farmer works
(cont.)
land for an owner who
provides equipment and
seeds and receives a
share of the crop
Sharecropping became a common form of work
for African Americans, but for many, sharecropping
was little better than slavery.
What was the relationship between
sharecroppers and landowners?
A. Landowners owned
sharecroppers.
B. Landowners sold small
parcels of land to sharecroppers.
small annual salary.
D
C
B
A
A. A
B. 0%B 0% 0%
C. Sharecroppers rented a parcel
0%
of land from a landowner.
C. C
D. Sharecroppers worked the landowner’s
D.land
D for a
The End of Reconstruction
Democrats steadily regained control
of Southern governments as support
for Radical Reconstruction policies
decreased.
The End of Reconstruction (cont.)
• During the Grant administration, Northerners
began losing interest in Reconstruction.
• President Grant was reelected in 1872
despite a split over corruption in the
Republican Party that resulted in the
creation of the Liberal Republican Party.
Politics in Mississippi
The End of Reconstruction (cont.)
• Supported by Liberal Republicans, the
Amnesty Act of 1872 pardoned most former
Confederates and helped Democrats regain
control of Southern state governments.
Politics in Mississippi
The End of Reconstruction (cont.)
Republican Rutherford B. Hayes
faced Democrat Samuel Tilden in
the 1876 presidential race.
Disputed returns kept the outcome of the
election in doubt, and a special commission was
set up by Congress to review the election results.
Struggle of Reconstruction
The End of Reconstruction (cont.)
The Compromise of 1877 granted favors to
the South in return for not fighting the
commission’s decision to elect Hayes.
Under Hayes, the federal government would
no longer attempt to reshape Southern society.
Reconstruction had come to an end.
Struggle of Reconstruction
Which of the following happened during the
Grant administration?
A. Radical Republicans became
more powerful.
B. Corruption charges weakened
Democrats.
D.
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
0%
A
C.
A. A
Many Northerners began to
B. B
think the South should solve
its own problems.
C. C
Most white Southerners supported Republicans.
D. D
Change in the South
After Reconstruction, the South
experienced a political shift and
industrial growth.
Change in the South (cont.)
• When Reconstruction ended, power in the
South shifted to the Democrats.
• Some Southerners wanted to build a “New
South” with industries based on the region’s
abundant coal, iron, tobacco, cotton, and
lumber.
Sharecropping
Change in the South (cont.)
• While agriculture remained the South’s main
economic activity, industry made dramatic
gains in the 1880s.
To help repay debt,
Southern farmers grew
farm crop raised to be sold
for money
cash crops; however,
sharecropping and the
reliance on one cash crop
kept Southern agriculture
from advancing.
Sharecropping
To what did the term “New South”
refer?
A. A new era of cotton plantations
B. A second civil war
0%
0%
D
0%
C
A
0%
A
B
C
D
B
A.
B.
D. A new era of Southern industry
C.
D.
C. A new era of racial harmony
A Divided Society
As Reconstruction ended, true
freedom for African Americans
became a distant dream.
A Divided Society (cont.)
Southern leaders found ways to prevent African
Americans from exercising their right to vote.
Many Southern states
required a poll tax.
a tax that had to be paid
before the person could vote
Some states required voters
to pass a literacy test before
they could vote.
Required voters to read and
write at a specified level
A Divided Society (cont.)
– Grandfather clauses allowed white
voters who could not read to vote if their
fathers or grandfathers had voted before
Reconstruction.
the separation or isolation
of a race, class, or group
Segregation, enforced by Jim Crow laws
laws,
continued to separate African Americans from
whites in society.
A Divided Society (cont.)
In 1896 the Supreme Court upheld segregation
laws in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, which
separate but equal”
equal facilities were
ruled that “separate
constitutional.
Acts of violence—including lynching—against
African Americans increased.
putting to death a person by
the illegal action of a mob
What enabled illiterate whites to vote while
excluding illiterate African Americans?
A. Grandfather clauses
B. Jim Crow laws
0%
D
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
A
D. Poll taxes
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. The case of
Plessy v. Ferguson
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Reconstruction
the reorganization and rebuilding of
the former Confederate states after
the Civil War
amnesty
the granting of pardon to a large
number of persons; protection from
prosecution for an illegal act
radical
extreme
adjust
adapt
black codes
laws passed in the South just after
the Civil War aimed at controlling
freedmen and enabling plantation
owners to exploit African American
workers
override
to overturn or defeat, as a bill
proposed in Congress
impeach
to formally charge a public official
with misconduct in office
convince
to persuade (someone) that
something is true
suspend
to prevent or bar from carrying out
official duties
scalawags
name given by former Confederates
to Southern whites who supported
Republican Reconstruction of the
South
carpetbagger
northerner who moved to the South
after the Civil War
corruption
dishonest or illegal actions
integrate
to end separation of different races
and bring into equal membership in
society
sharecropping
system of farming in which a farmer
works land for an owner who provides
equipment and seeds and receives a
share of the crop
credit
a form of loan; ability to buy goods
based on future payment
academy
a private high school; school that
provides specialized training
cash crop
farm crop raised to be sold for money
poll tax
a tax of a fixed amount per person
that had to be paid before the person
could vote
literacy test
a method used to prevent African
Americans from voting by requiring
prospective voters to read and write
at a specified level
grandfather clause
a clause that allowed individuals who
did not pass the literacy test to vote if
their fathers or grandfathers had
voted before Reconstruction began;
an exception to a law based on
preexisting circumstances
segregation
the separation or isolation of a race,
class, or group
lynching
putting to death a person by the
illegal action of a mob
outcome
result
commission
a group of persons directed to
perform some duty
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