Download Greece Test 3 Name THE PERSIAN WARS (499 – 479 B.C.) In the

Greece Test 3 Name ________________________
THE PERSIAN WARS (499 – 479 B.C.)
In the early _____th century B.C., the two main city-states in Greece, __________ and _________, put
aside their differences and fought side-by-side for the land in which they had such pride. In this way they were
much like a _____________ which doesn’t always get along but bonds when a catastrophe occurs. One such
troubled time began when the _______________ attacked the Greek city-states which were located in Asia
Minor and the Aegean Sea. This was the year _______ B.C. This area was known as ____________. The
Persians already ruled the largest empire known to man at that time which ran from ___________ to
Mesopotamia. Not only did these city-states have to pay _______________ to the Persian Empire, but now their
citizens were being forced to serve in the Persian ____________. So in _____ B.C., these city-states
______________ against their Persian overlords. Athens and some other city-states on the Greek mainland
assisted them at first, but then withdrew their help. In five years the Persians had rather easily put down the
revolt in Asia Minor. This gave the Persian king ___________ the idea to attack the mainland in ______ B.C.
He decided that the best way to do this would be to strike at the heart of Greek civilization, _____________.
His first attempted was thwarted because of a few mishaps including a __________ which caused many of his
ships to wreck.
In 490 B.C., he sent 600 ships to the bay of _______________ from where they planned to march to
Athens. In the Battle of ________________ the Greek general who was in charge of troops mainly from
______________ decided to stretch his outnumbered forces across a narrow valley and shrewdly
______________ the Persians as they were exiting the ships which didn’t allow them to get their archers who
used their _________ in combat off of the ships. (The ______________ never made it because news of the
attack reached them during a religious festival.) News of the awesome victory, according to reports 6400
Persians died while only ______ Athenians died, was brought to Athens by ____________________ who ran
the entire _____ miles from Marathon. According to most accounts he fell over and _______ after revealing the
good news. This victory gave the Greeks great _________________, and a beaten __________ swore to
conquer the Greeks. However, he died before getting another opportunity. Within a short period of time,
______________ mines were founded near Athens. Following the advice of __________________, the
Athenians wisely spent a lot of this new wealth on building ________________, a special type of warship
which was very maneuverable, had three sets of oars, and a ramming prow in the ____________.
When _____________ decided to attack in 480 B.C. he had an ingenious plan. Instead of marching his
army of _______________ men around the ___________ Sea, he would build a _____________ across the
___________________ which is a __________ about one mile wide that separates Asia and _________. It was
made by tying 300 boats side by side. His army marched across for 1 week at the rate of 1 man every 3 seconds.
The first major battle would be at the narrow mountain pass of ____________________ which means
______ _______________. Here, about 10,000 Greeks mostly from Athens and Sparta fought valiantly.
Because there was only about _____ feet between the mountains and the sea, _____________ who led the
courageous Spartans, was able to hold back the Persians for three days. Unfortunately, a Greek traitor made the
Persians aware of a secret goat path which could take in order to attack the Spartans from the _________. When
______________ found out about the betrayal, he sent all the other fighters from other Greek city-states home.
Only the 300 _____________ remained. They fought valiantly until finally they were all ____________. Their
bravery was extremely important because it gave the Athenian citizens time to evacuate the city and
___________ to the nearby island of ________________. (If you’ve seen the movie ______ then you know a
little about this battle. The movie was somewhat accurate compared to historical accounts.)
When the Persians reached Athens it was nearly abandoned. The Persians _____________the city and
destroyed the _______________. Have no fear, the Athenians had a plan. _________________ sent a
messenger to the Persians. He pretended that he was a _____________ since one of his kind had helped the
Persians at Thermopylae. He assured the Persians that the Athenian __________ was afraid and would either try
to escape or switch sides at the first sign of attack. The plan ______________! The Persians immediately
pursued the Greeks into the tiny __________ of _____________ where the Athenians would be waiting.
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Greece Test 3 Name ________________________
Suddenly, Athenian ______________ appeared behind the Persians. The Persians were boxed in. The better
handling Athenian ships smashed into the huge, slow Persian _____________ and destroyed at least half of
them. Most of the Persian survivors had to ___________ since many of these boats held the ________ supply.
The Persian King ____________ retreated home to Asia. He left behind a much smaller army which fought in
the Battle of _____________ in 479 B.C. Here, the Greeks wiped out the outnumbered Persians in what proved
to be the ________ major battle of the war. The Persians would never again prove a serious threat to Greece.
What strategy did the Greeks use at all three of the main battles to help counteract a major advantage that the
Persians had? ______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE (ATHENS)
With no threat from the Persians, the Greeks opened __________ all along the __________ and
____________________ Seas for trade. During this time ____________ had the temple of Athena, the
_________________, constructed. Look in the EWH book Unit 3 Chapter 3 Paragraph 7 and name 3 things that
made this age, golden! _______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
The Golden Age lasted from about _______ B.C. to ________ B.C.
THE PELOPONNESIAN WARS
After the Persian Wars, ___________ became the cultural center of Greece. They convinced many other
city-states to join with them into a protective alliance called the ____________ ____________. It was named
this because it was originally based on the island of _________ which rests in the center of the Aegean Sea.
Each city-state had to contribute money which mainly went toward supplying the navy with ___________
which the citizens of Athens would man. Needless to say, Athens main nemesis, _____________, and its allies
did not join the group. After a short while, the Athenians began to treat the other city-states as if they were a
part of an Athenian _____________. League members had to ask for permission to _________. All
_______________ trials were held in Athens. Athenian coins replaced each individual city-state’s coins. If any
member of the league wanted to leave, ________ of the other members had to agree to let them leave. Athens
spent much of the money rebuilding the city and building the _______ _________ which safely connected
Athens to its port city of ____________. Finally, when Athens helped attack an ally of Sparta, __________, the
Spartans became worried about their own safety and felt that Athens might attack them soon. War was declared
by Sparta in _____ B.C.
_______________, the leader of Athens, convinced the people that a ________ battle against the
Spartans would be a disaster so he told all of the citizens to move inside the city __________ for protection.
They could live inside for as long as they needed to because they could use their superior ________ and
________ ____________ to safely get food by using all their ships. Hopefully, the Spartans would grow weary
of the __________ and go home. Most importantly, he knew that Athens could not hope to gain any other
territories until after these _______________ Wars were over. They needed to be patient and wait.
Unfortunately, for Athens a ______________ broke out in the second year of the war probably because Athens
was too _____________. It killed ____________ and about _____ of the total population of Athens. This was
more damaging than anything Sparta did up until this point. In 421 B.C. a peace treaty or ___________ was
signed which was supposed to last ____ years. It only lasted ____ years because the Athenians attacked
______________ which was an ally of Sparta located on the island of Sicily. By ______ B.C. the Athenians had
been so weakened by all their attacks that the war was basically over. The Spartans put a blockade around
______________ and forced the Athenians to surrender because they were ______________. Terms of the
surrender were very harsh. Athens could only keep ______ of her ships, and they were forced to knock down
the very important __________ ___________. The Spartans installed a new government of ____ pro-Spartan
nobles living in Athens so the government would be considered an __________________. This government did
not last long at all and _________________ was shortly restored. This meant the end of the Athenian Empire.
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Greece Test 3 Name ________________________
It was still a ______________ center, but it would never be as powerful again. Sparta was greatly weakened by
the war also. In fact, in _____ B.C. ___________, Athens, and other city-states, with the aid of ____________
money defeated Sparta. Basically, Greece was weak and ready to be conquered.
PHILIP OF MACEDONIA
In a small, mountainous country ___________ of Greece called Macedonia a baby named Philip II was
born in 382 B.C. He spent three years of his youth imprisoned in Thebes. He loved and admired the Greek way
of life, but he hated the form of _____________ which most city-states had because he thought it was too weak.
In 359 B.C., he became king of Macedonia. Philip felt it was his destiny to unify the Greek city-states
and spread Greek culture throughout the known world. He set about doing this in a few ways. First, he turned
his army into a full-time professional fighting unit which fought in a special formation called the ___________
which is a body of foot soldiers 16 rows deep who stand so close to each other that their shields overlap. This,
along with up to ____ foot spears, gave the army great striking power. Philip also instigated fights between citystates and then attacked them when they were weak. He also married ____ daughters of the leaders of various
city-states to gain more control. By _____ B.C. Philip had conquered Greece. Now, he decided to turn his
attention eastward to ___________, but he was suspiciously murdered in 336 B.C. It is quite possible that his
________, ________________ mom, _____________ was involved.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
Philip’s ___ year old son Alexander took over his father’s throne. Alexander had been a commander in
the army since he was only ____. He was a strong, very bright young man who was tutored by _____________
for three years. He brought philosophers and scientists with him during his military expeditions. Throughout his
career he ___________ lost a battle and never had an enemy force him to retreat. He fought right alongside his
army. In fact, he was the first person over a wall in modern day Pakistan and nearly paid for this courageous
deed with his life. In 325 B.C., his army finally ________________ to fight any longer for many different
reasons. By this time his empire stretched from the _________ River in Egypt to the __________ River in the
east. His army had marched about ___________ miles conquering an empire which would cover about ___
___________ square miles. Along the way he founded over ____ cities, ____ of which he called Alexandria.
The most famous Alexandria of course was the one near the mouth of the ________ River. He even named one
city Buchephala after his beloved _____________ which he got when only 12 years old.
Of course, Alexander was from ________________ but his vision was for all the people of Greece,
Macedonia, and Persia to unite in peace and share the Greek way of life. Along the way though he grew to
admire the __________ ways as well. He started his vision by crushing a revolt by __________ right after his
father died. In 334 B.C., he moved east into ________ ___________ crossing the __________________ just
like Xerxes had done. There he was able to defeat the Persians in battle after battle. The _____________ gladly
welcomed him as pharaoh because he freed them from Persian control. By 331 B.C., he conquered the Persians
in __________________. What 4 titles did Alexander hold? _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Alexander would help bring the cultures of ___________ and __________ together. He admired the life
and manners of the Persian _________________. In fact, Alexander began to dress in _______________
clothing. He married a Persian woman and instructed ____ of his officers to do the same. He also asked some
Persian ____________ to help run his empire. Trade increased greatly. Many people ______________ or
moved from Greece to Asia Minor. In all these ways Alexander hoped to mix the cultures because he thought of
himself as a ________-____________ emperor. He continued his journey east to the __________ River where
his weary army nearly mutinied. After a very tough journey across deserts Alexander died suddenly in 323 B.C.
in _____________ of a fever associated with his heavy drinking. He was only ____ years old. After his death
his _______________ divided the empire into ___. This period from 323 B.C. to 31 B.C. is known as the
__________________ ______. Athens and Sparta regained their independence but neither was ever very strong
again. _________________, Egypt became the center of culture, trade, and learning.
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