Download Cardiovascular System - Sunnybrook Centre For Prehospital Medicine

Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care Program
Module 3
Introduction
to
Anatomy and Physiology
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Definitions
Anatomy
The science of the structure of the body.
Physiology
That section of the science of biology which deals solely with the operation of
the functional processes of the many coordinated physical units of the human
body
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The Planes of the Body
•
Anatomical Position
( all the anatomic terms consider a person facing
you, hands at side, palms forward )
•
Anterior ( front )
•
Posterior
( back )
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The Planes of the Body
•
Midline ( the middle; centre )
•
Midclavicular line
( through the middle of the clavicle )
•
Midaxillary
( through the middle of the armpit to the ankle )
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Directional Terms
•
Superior
( higher; towards the head )
•
Inferior
( lower, away from the head )
•
Lateral
( away from the body’s midline )
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Directional Terms
•
Medial
( toward the body’s midline )
•
Proximal
( towards the body or point of attachment )
•
Distal
( away from a point of attachment )
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Movement Terms
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Anatomic Positions
•
Prone ( laying face down )
•
Supine ( laying face up )
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Anatomic Positions
•
Fowler’s Position ( semi-sitting; helps short of breath patients )
•
Lateral Recumbent Position ( recovery position; good for semiconscious breathing
patients )
•
Trendelenburg Position ( feet elevated higher than the head; good for patients in shock )
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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care Program
Module 3
The
Skeleton
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The Skeletal System
•
Gives form to the body
•
Protects vital organs
•
Consists of 206 bones
•
Framework for attachment of muscles
•
Permits motion of the body
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The Skull
Frontal bone
Maxillae
Mandible
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The Skull ( Medial View )
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
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The Skull ( Posterior View )
Occipital bone
Mastoid process
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The Spinal Column
( 7 Vertebrae )
( 12 Vertebrae )
( 5 Vertebrae )
( 5 Vertebrae Fused to 1 )
( 4 Vertebrae Fused to 1 )
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The Thorax ( Anterior View )
Clavicle
1
Sternum
1
Xyphoid Process
Ribs ( 12 pairs )
Thorax + Skull = Axial Skeleton
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The Thorax ( Posterior View )
Cervical Spine 7
(C7 can be felt under the skin)
Scapula
1
1
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The Pelvis
Inferior Vena Cava
Descending Aorta
Severe internal
bleeding in this
area if the pelvis is
fractured
iliac crest
ilium
Femoral Aorta
Pubis
Pubis symphysis
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The Lower Extremity
Hip
Femur
(if both femurs are fractured,
there may be severe internal
blood loss)
Thigh
Patella
Fibula
Leg
Tibia
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The Upper Extremity
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Wrist
Upper + Lower Extremities = Appendicular Skeleton
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Types of Joints
Ball-in-socket Joint
•
Found in the shoulder and hip
joints, which allows for rotation
and bending
Hinge Joint
•
Found in finger, elbow and knee
joints, which allows for motion in
one plane only
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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care Program
Module 3
The
Musculoskeletal
System
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Functions of the
Musculoskeletal System
•
Gives the body shape
•
Protects internal organs
•
•
Provides for movement
Consists of more than 600 muscles
and 206 bones
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Types of Muscle
Skeletal (voluntary) Muscle
•
Muscles that attach to the bone of the
skeleton
•
Also called voluntary muscle as they are
under direct voluntary control of the brain
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Types of Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
•
Found within the heart
•
Specially adapted involuntary muscle, that
is rich in blood and has it’s own electrical
system
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Types of Muscle
Smooth Muscle
•
Carries out the automatic work of body
organs
•
Found within the gastrointestinal tract, the
urinary system, the blood vessels and the
bronchi of the lungs
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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care Program
Module 3
The
Abdominal
Cavity
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The Abdomen
•
The abdomen is a major body
cavity.
•
It contains the organs of
digestion and excretion.
•
It is separated into 4 quadrants
•
Pain in a particular quadrant
provides important clues to
certain injuries or diseases
Umbilicus
Right
Right
Left
Left
Upper
Upper
Quadrant
Quadrant
Upper
Upper
Quadrant
Quadrant
Right
Right
Lower
Lower
Quadrant
Quadrant
Left
Left
Lower
Lower
Quadrant
Quadrant
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Organs of the Abdomen
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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care Program
Module 3
The
Respiratory
System
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The Respiratory System Anatomy
Pharynx
Tongue and soft tissues
may obstruct the airway
here; use head
positioning, jaw thrust,
oral or nasal airway to
keep open
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Left main bronchus
Right main bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
Lungs
Alveolus
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Breathing Process: Inhalation
•
Diaphragm and intercostal
muscles contract, increasing the
size of the thoracic cavity.
•
Pressure in the lungs
decreases.
•
Air travels to the lungs.
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Breathing Process: Exhalation
•
Diaphragm and intercostal
muscles relax.
•
As the muscles relax, all
dimensions of the thorax
decrease.
•
Pressure in the lungs
increases.
•
Air flows out of the lungs.
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Exchange of Oxygen and
Carbon Dioxide
•
•
•
•
Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with
inspiration.
Oxygen diffuses into the blood.
The body does not use all the inhaled
oxygen (so mouth to mouth can still
deliver some oxygen).
Carbon dioxide is removed from blood
and exhaled.
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Control of Breathing
•
Brain stem controls breathing
– Brain stem detects carbon dioxide
– Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes
too high
•
Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.”
– Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing
– This backup system is active in some patients with chronic lung
diseases like emphysema
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Normal Breathing Characteristics
•
Normal rate and depth
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
•
•
•
•
Adults
Children
Infants
12 to 20 breaths/min.
15 to 30 breaths/min.
25 to 50 breaths/min
Regular rhythm
Good breath sounds (these are quite soft, quiet sounds
detectable with a stethoscope) in both lungs
Regular rise and fall movements in the chest
Easy, not labored
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Recognizing Inadequate Breathing
•
Irregular rhythm
•
Labored breathing
•
Use of neck or belly
muscles to help breathing
•
Pursed lips
•
Pale or blue skin
•
Cool, clammy skin
•
Faster respiratory rate
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Infant and Child Anatomy
Airway structures in infants & small children are smaller
& more easily obstructed than those of adults!
Cricoid cartilage softer,
not as well developed
Trachea narrower
Tongue occupies
more of pharynx
Nose & mouth
smaller
Trachea
Cricoid Tongue
cartilage
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Nose
Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care Program
Module 3
The
Circulatory
System
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The Circulatory System
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The Heart
Right side of the
heart pumps
deoxygenated blood
to lungs
Right Atrium
Left side of the heart
pumps oxygenated
blood to body
Aorta
Left Atrium
Right Coronary Artery
Left Coronary Artery
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
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Circulation of Blood
Blood from the body is brought to the heart via the
LARGE VEINS (inferior and superior vena cava) →
Right atrium → right ventricle → Pulmonary Artery
→ LUNGS → Pulmonary Vein → Left Atrium → Left
Ventricle → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles →
Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava →
back to Right Atrium
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Electrical Conduction System
•
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
– Known as a pacemaker
– Generates contractions 60 to
100 times per minute
•
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
– Transmits signal from
pacemaker down to lower part
of heart
– If no signal is received, will
automatically become a
“backup” pacemaker and
generate contractions at a rate
of 40 to 60 times per minute
•
Purkinje fibers
– Fibers that convey the
impulses to the ventricular
muscle
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Normal Heart Rates
Age
Age
Pulse
Pulse Rate
Rate (( beats
beats per
per minute
minute ))
Adult
Adult
60
60 -- 100
100
Adolescent
Adolescent (( 11
11 –– 14
14 yr
yr ))
60
60 -- 105
105
School
School Aged
Aged Child
Child (( 66 –– 10
10 yr
yr ))
70
70 -- 110
110
Pre-school
Pre-school Aged
Aged Child
Child (( 11 –– 55 yr
yr ))
80
80 -- 120
120
Infant
Infant (( 11 month
month –– 11 yr
yr ))
90
90 -- 140
140
Newborn
Newborn (( 00 –– 11 month
month ))
120
120 -- 160
160
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Components of Blood
Blood is made of three main parts:
Plasma
•
A sticky, yellow fluid
that carries blood
cells, nutrients and
cellular waste material
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Components of Blood
White Blood Cells & Platelets
•
White Blood Cells are
responsible for the bodies
immunity
•
Platelets are essential in
blood clotting
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Components of Blood
Red Blood Cells
•
Give colour to the blood
are oxygen carriers
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Physiology of the
Circulatory System
Pulse
– The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the heart
contracts
– Can be felt where an artery passes near the skin surface and over a
bone
• Carotid ( neck )
• Brachial ( medial arm )
• Radial ( thumb side of wrist )
• Femoral ( groin )
• Posterior Tibial ( medial side of ankle )
• Dorsalis Pedis ( top of foot )
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Physiology of the
Circulatory System
Blood pressure
– Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries
– Systole: Heart contracts
– Diastole: Heart relaxes
Perfusion
– Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue
– If inadequate, the patient goes into shock (as evidenced by cool, pale,
sweaty skin, loss of consciousness or restlessness, shortness of breath)
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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care Program
Module 3
The
Nervous
System
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The Nervous System
•
The nervous system controls the
body’s voluntary and involuntary
actions.
•
Somatic nervous system
– Regulates voluntary actions
•
Autonomic nervous system
– Controls involuntary body
functions
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Anatomy and Physiology
of the Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System
•
Links the organs of the body to the
central nervous system.
•
Sensory nerves carry information from
the body to the central nervous
system.
•
Motor nerves carry information from
the central nervous system to the
muscles of the body.
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Sensory and Connecting Nerves
•
The connecting nerves in the spinal
cord form a reflex arc.
•
If a sensory nerve in this arc detects
an irritating stimulus, it will bypass
the brain and send a direct
message to a motor nerve.
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How the Nervous System Works
•
The nervous system controls virtually all of our body activities including
reflex, voluntary and involuntary activities
•
Voluntary activities are action that we consciously perform (ie, passing a
dish)
•
Involuntary activities are actions that are not under our control such as
digestion, sweating and blood vessel constriction. These functions are
controlled by the autonomic nervous system
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Autonomic Nervous System
•
Broken down into two components
•
Sympathetic nervous system
– Reacts to stress with a flight or fright response.
– Some common responses are dilated pupils, increased pulse rate, or
rising BP.
•
Parasympathetic nervous system
– Causes the opposite effect of the sympathetic nervous system
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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care Program
Module 3
The
Integumentary & Endocrine
System
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The Skin
( Integumentary System )
The skin’s primary responsibilities include:
•
Protects the body from the environment
•
Regulates body temperature
•
Transmits information from environment to the brain
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Anatomy of the Skin
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Endocrine System
•
Complex message and control system
•
Made up of seven glands
•
Glands produce and release hormones.
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Endocrine System
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Ovary ( female )
Testis ( male )
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Endocrine Glands
Gland
Gland
Location
Location
Adrenal
Adrenal
Kidneys
Kidneys
Ovary
Ovary
Female
Female pelvis
pelvis
(( 22 glands
glands ))
Regulate
Regulate sexual
sexual function,
function,
characteristics
and
reproduction
characteristics and reproduction
Estrogen
Estrogen
Pancreas
Pancreas
Retroperitoneal
Retroperitoneal
Space
Space
Regulates
Regulates glucose
glucose
metabolism
metabolism
Insulin
Insulin
Neck
Neck
(( beside
beside &
& behind
behind
thyroid
thyroid ))
Regulate
Regulate serum
serum calcium
calcium
Pituitary
Pituitary
Base
Base of
of skull
skull
Regulates
Regulates all
all other
other
endocrine
glands
endocrine glands
Testes
Testes
Male
Male Scrotum
Scrotum
(( 22 glands
glands ))
Regulate
Regulate sexual
sexual function,
function,
characteristics
characteristics and
and reproduction
reproduction
Thyroid
Thyroid
Neck
Neck
(( over
over larynx
larynx ))
Regulates
Regulates
metabolism
metabolism
Parathyroid
Parathyroid
Function
Function
Hormones
Hormones Produced
Produced
Regulate
Regulate salt,
salt, sugar
sugar and
and
sexual
function
sexual function
Adrenaline
Adrenaline
Parathyroid
Parathyroid
Hormone
Hormone
Multiple,
Multiple, very
very
important
hormones
important hormones
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Testosterone
Testosterone
Thyroxine
Thyroxine
Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care Program
Module 3
The
Urinary System and
Genital System
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Anatomy of the
Genitourinary System
Adrenal Gland
Kidney
Inferior Vena Cava
Rectum
( cut view )
Aorta
Bladder
Urethra
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Anatomy of the
Genitourinary System
Kidneys
• located in the posterior muscular wall of
the abdomen (the back near the lower ribs)
• rid the blood of toxins and control the
balance of water and salt – via urine
• 20% of the output of blood from the heart
passes through the kidneys every minute
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Anatomy of the
Genitourinary System
Anterior
Posterior
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Male Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System
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For All Questions Pertaining to this Module,
Contact Your E.M.S. Command Coordinator.
North / West – ( 416 ) 338‐9429
South / East – ( 416 ) 338‐8796
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