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U.S. History EOC Test Review
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1.
13th Amendment, 14th Amendment 15th Amendment:
(13th) Ended slavery in U.S.,
(14th) Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and
are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
(15th) , citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of
race, color , or precious condition of servitude.
2.
15.
and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on
the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro.
When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took
full responsibility for the failure.
16.
19th Century Education: Focus on higher and alternative
Abolitionism: A movement to end slavery.
4.
Agent Orange: Chemical the U.S. used to destroy plant life in the
17.
Andrew Carnegie: Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by
banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie
used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for
production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber
barons."
6.
Annexation of Texas: Texas decides to secede from Mexico and
attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to
our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it
would cause conflict with mexico leading to war. Southern states
in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it
would increase agricultural profits.
7.
8.
Appeasement Fails: Failed because although Hitler promised
not to take over any other countries than the ones he already
obtained. When he continued there was no force to stop him, so
he keep going.
9.
18.
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10.
20.
11.
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13.
23.
14.
Battle of the Bulge: Last German offensive on the Western
Front in World War II. Its failure ensured German defeat.
Bull Run: The first battle of the Civil War that had casualties in
it, also known as Manassas where Stonewall Jackson got his
nickname. Confederate Victory.
24.
California: People rushed to see gold, they built communities
called boomtowns. city grew with gold rush. ships of new people
everyday would come and see (San Francisco-small village grew
to 20,000 people).
25.
CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps. It was Relief that provided
work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting,
flood work, etc.
26.
Checks and Balances: A system that allows each branch of
government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to
prevent abuse of power.
27.
Civil Rights Act of 1964: This act made racial, religious, and
sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government
the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including
desegregation of schools and public places.
Battle of Stalingrad: Unsuccessful German attack on the city
of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was
the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.
Brinkmanship: The willingness to go to the brink of war to
force an opponent to back down.
Battle of Midway: U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in
June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft
carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.
Border States: Slave states--Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky,
Missouri--that remained loyal to the Union; the secession of
these states would have considerably strengthened the South.
Bataan Death March: April 1942, American soldiers were
forced to march 65 miles to prison camps by their Japanese
captors. It is called the Death March because so may of the
prisoners died en route.
Booker T Washington: African American progressive who
supported segregation and demanded that African American
better themselves individually to achieve equality. Top 10% was
better than the white top 10%.
Automobile: A road vehicle, typically with four wheels, powered
by an internal combustion engine or electric motor and able to
carry a small number of people
Bill of Rights: A formal statement of the fundamental rights of
the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution
as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions.
Appomattox Courthouse: April 1865., the Virginia town
where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865,
ending the Civil War.
Bessemer Process: An industrial process for making steel
using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten
iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities.
Antietam: The first major battle in the American Civil War to
take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle
in American history, with about 23,000 casualties. Turning
point in the Civil War.
The Berlin Wall: A wall constructed between East and West
Berlin with guards who fired on any who tried to escape from
East Berlin to West Berlin. This wall served as a symbol of the
conflict between communist and noncommunist powers. Torn
down in 1989.
jungle, but comtaminated drinking water and caused birth
defects from those who were contaminated.
5.
Berlin Blockade and airlift: The blockade was a Soviet
attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain
supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and
it led to the Berlin Airlift. Truman sent a huge airlift to Berlin
with food, fuel, and equipment to stock the City with supplies.
education (high schools, colleges, women's colleges, black
education)
3.
Bay of Pigs: In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized
28.
Compromise of 1850: Forestalled the Civil War by instating
the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting
California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and
instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession.
29.
Corporations: Companies that sell shares of ownership, called
46.
stocks, to investors in order to raise money.
30.
Americans who advocated centralized power and constitutional
ratification, northeastern business groups, loose interpretation
of the Constitution
"Antinfederalists:" against the adoption of the Constitution
because of suspicion against centralized governemnt ruling at a
distance and limiting freedom, led by George Mason and Patrick
Henry turned into the Jeffersonian Republicans.
Cuban Missile Crisis: Brink-of-war confrontation between the
United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of
nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.
31.
D-Day: June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops
(the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at
Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The
turning point of World War II on the land theater.
32.
47.
Desegregation of military: In 1948, President Truman
ordered desegregation of the military. It didn't really happen until
the need for manpower in the Korean War forced them to
integrate the blacks alongside the whites.
34.
48.
49.
under Communist control then neighboring nations will also
come under Communist control.
36.
Dred Scott Decision: Landmark court decision that ruled that
slaves were property and antislavery laws were unconstitutional.
37.
38.
50.
Effects of Great Depression: Unemployment, Bank Failures,
51.
Effects of Television: Increase in aggression, decline in
52.
53.
41.
54.
42.
43.
Federal Trade Commission: Established to preserve
competition by preventing unfair business practices and
investigates complaints against companies.
45.
Federalism: Division of power between the national and state
governments.
Hawks vs. Doves: Hawks supported the Vietnam war, where
doves opposed it. Most doves were college students who were
afraid of being drafted.
56.
Hiroshima: City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic
bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of
World War II.
57.
Hitler's Final Solution: The answer to "The Jewish Question".
It was a mass murder of all Jews. He set up extermination camps
and forced millions of Jews to enter gas chamber, ovens, and fire
pits.
Federal Reserve System: The country's central banking
system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by
regulating the supply of money and interest rates.
44.
55.
FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: federal guarantee
of savings bank deposits (initially up to $2,500; raised to $5,000
in 1934; now $100,000)
Hawaii Annexation: After negotiations in 1897, a treaty was
agreed to for the annexation of the Republic of Hawaii. Marines
supported an overthrow of the Hawaiian queen in order to obtain
more territory for the U.S. Needed because of it's natural
resources like Sugar.
Emancipation Proclamation: Issued by Abraham Lincoln on
september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate
states would be free.
Harlem Renaissance: A period in the 1920s when AfricanAmerican achievements in art and music and literature
flourished mainly in cities of the Northeast.
Election of Abraham Lincoln: Won the election of 1860 but
did not win the popular vote. South Carolina was happy at the
outcome of the election because now it had a reason to secede.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Congress authorized Lyndon B.
Johnson to repel and prevent aggression against US troops in
Vietnam, used as a blank check (perhaps too much and caused
protests).
reading, decline in creativity scores, sex roles become more
stereotyped.
40.
Great White Fleet: 1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy, all
warships painted white*, on a world tour to show the world the
U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's
Agreement."
Farming Surplus, Housing/Construction, Immediate Needs:
foods, medical, clothing, Business Failures.
39.
Gettysburg: The most violent battle of the American Civil War
and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from
July 1 - July 3, 1863.
Dwight D. Eisenhower: He was the U. S. general who led the
attack in North Africa in Nov. of 1942.He was the master
organizer of the D-Day invasion in Europe (June 6, 1944). He
ran for the Republican ticket in the 1952 and the1956 elections
and won. He was very well liked by the public and elected
president-president during integration of Little Rock Central
High School.
G.I. Bill of Rights: Also known as Servicemen's Readjustment
Act of 1944 gave money to veternas to study in colleges,
universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or
farm or start a new business.
Direct Primary: An election in which party members select
Domino Theory: The political theory that if one nation comes
Fort Sumter: Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South
Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of
the Civil War.
people to run in the general election.
35.
Flappers: Women who abandoned dress and conduct codes of
the past; these rebellious girls became the symbol of the Roaring
Twenties; shocked their elders with short skits, slang, new
dances, heavy makeup, and drinking or smoking in public.
Dawes Act: Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in
order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted,
uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes.
33.
Federalists and Antifederalists: 1780s - "Federalists:"
58.
Immigration Quotas: Limitations on immigration that were
passed by the U.S. government that established preferred
immigration of those who were thought to be more "capable" and
capable of success in the United States, while limited the
immigration of those who were deemed "unnecessary.".
59.
Indian Reservations: Indians were sent to reservations to
72.
"protect their culture". In reality, these reservations just pulled
Indians off of lands the whites wanted and kept them separate
from American society.
60.
Installment Buying: A consumers buys products by promising
61.
Interstate Commerce Act: Established the ICC (Interstate
rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African
American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white
students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National
Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day
as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry
white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to
intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence
pushed Eisenhower and he immediately ordered the US Army to
send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full
school year.
to pay small, regular amounts over a period of time.
Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of
carriers transporting goods and people between states - created
to regulate railroad prices.
62.
Interstate Highway Act: 1956 Eisenhower 20 year plan to
build 41,000 miles of highway across the nation, largest public
works project in history
63.
Iran-Contra Affair: Scandal including arms sales to the
73.
74.
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Jane Addams: 1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House
John Brown's Raid: in 1859, the militant abolitionist John
Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry in an
unorganized effort to end slavery by massacring slave owners
and freeing their slaves. Although Brown was determined, the
raid failed and Brown was captured and hung.
68.
77.
78.
as states and gave the people in those territories the right to
chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.
70.
71.
79.
Mass Production: The production of large quantities of a
80.
McCarthyism: The term associated with Senator Joseph
standardized article (often using assembly line techniques).
KKK: Southern society formed in 1866 to prevent freed men and
women from exercising their rights and to help whites regain
power; revised in the 1920's to terrorize foreigners, Catholics,
Jews, etc.
Martin L. King Jr.: Famous civil rights leader that believed in
passive resistance. He wrote the "I have a dream" speech and
was an icon for racial harmony and a champion for civil rights.
Leader of the Montgomery Improvement Association. First leader
of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
John D. Rockefeller: Horizontal integration. United States
Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas
Marshall Plan: a plan for aiding the European nations in
economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and
rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.
industrialist who made a fortune in the oil business and gave
half of it away (1839-1937)., Standard oil company.
69.
March on Washington: In August 1963, civil rights leaders
organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of
President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when
MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than
250,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.
Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in
1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace
and Freedom. Also founder of Hull house.
67.
Manhattan Project: Code name for the U.S. effort during
World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early
research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the
United States, like Albert Einstein.
Iwo Jima: A bloody and prolonged operation on the island of
Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated
Japanese defenders.
Malcolm X: 1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his
African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s,
became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter;
his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement
built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true
independence and equality and assassinated in '56.
Isolationism: Abstention from alliances and other
international political and economic relations; American foreign
policy in 1920's.
Louisiana Purchase: 1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory
from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.
Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in
Nicaragua even though Congress had objected. During Reagan's
term in office.
64.
Little Rock Nine: In September 1957 the school board in Little
McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during
the early 1950s through his leadership in the House UnAmerican Activities Committee. (HUAC)
81.
Laissez-faire: Policy based on the idea that government should
Mexican-American War: A war (1846-1848) between the
United States and Mexico, resulting in the cession by Mexico of
lands now constituting all or most of the states of California,
Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado.
play as small a role as possible in the economy, or take a "hands
off approach" to the government.
82.
Missouri Compromise: Allowed Missouri to enter the union
as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state,
prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana
Territory (1820).
83.
Monopoly: Complete control of a product or business by one
person or group.
84.
Monroe Doctrine: A statement of foreign policy which
99.
Prisons and Asylums: Led by Dorthea Dix , before the 19th
proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the
United States or in the development of other countries in the
Western Hemisphere. Established by President Monroe.
85.
Montgomery Bus Boycott: In 1955, after Rosa Parks was
arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus. Dr. Martin
L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme
Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
86.
century, these institutions were viewed as public institutions of
last resort. They now emerged as preferred solution to poverty,
crime, delinquency and insanity.
100.
alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a
constitutional amendment.
101.
Nagasaki: Site of 2nd Atomic Bomb, killing 40,000+ Japanese
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to
defend one another if they were attacked by any other country;
US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries.
88.
New Deal Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform aimed to fix the
102.
Okinawa: Showed that the Japanese would "fight to the
death",was the scene of the last great U.S. amphibious campaign
in World War II.
90.
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93.
104.
Paris Peace Accords: 1973, a peace agreement between the
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political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and
attempts to grab more votes for his party.
98.
Popular Sovereignty: The doctrine that stated that the people
of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In
the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty would decide
whether a territory allowed slavery.
Separation of Power/ 3 branches of government: The
division of a central government into three branches, each
having its own responsibilities and authorities., the division of
basic government roles into branches. Legislative, Judicial, and
Executive branches.
110.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act: First federal action against
monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was
extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting.
111.
Polio Vaccine: (1995) Created by Dr. Jonas Salk. worked by
Political Machines: Corrupt organized groups that controlled
Secession: The withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the
Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War.
Sherman's March to the Sea: After the burning of Atlanta
Georgia on Nov 15 1864, he marched 300 miles to savannah and
arrived there December 22nd 1864 with the 1st alabama cavalry
regiment. Offers Savannah as Lincoln's Birthday Gift
introducing killed or weak pieces of the virus to allow body to
develop antibodies thus preventing polio.
97.
Sacco and Vanzetti: Case were two Italian born American
laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed
via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 in M.A. for the 1920 armed
robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime.
Policy of Containment: The U.S. would not fight communism
where it already existed but would not allow it to spread to
democratic countries.
Rosa Parks: Refused to give up her seat to a white passenger.
After she was jailed, the Montgomery bus boycott was organized.
107.
Plessy v Feurgeson compared to Brown v. Board of
Education: P. v. F. :
1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered
segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were
equal.
B. v. B.o.E.:
Supreme Court found that segregation was a violation of the
Equal Protection clause; "separate but equal" has no place;
reverse decision of Plessy v Feurgeson
Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy: Roosevelt said, "walk
softly and carry a big stick." In international affairs, ask first but
bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use
force, act as international policemen. It was his foreign policy in
Latin America.
United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong
that effectively ended the Vietnam War.
94.
Red Scare of 1920's: As strikes erupted across the US in 1919
fear that Communists or "reds" as they were called might seize
power led to a nationwide panic.
Panama Canal: Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama
by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. Shortened
the voyage between the coasts of North America. The United
States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746)
Radios: Purpose of FD radio comm is to provide a means by
which all elements of the organization can communicate with
each other.
Oregon Territory: Territory of Oregon, Washington, and
portions of what became British Columbia, Canada; land claimed
by both U.S. and Britain and held jointly under the Convention of
1818.
92.
103.
Open Door Policy: A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under
which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in
China.
PWA: Public Works Administration. Part of Roosevelt's New
Deal programs. Put people to work building or improving public
buildings like schools, post offices,etc.
depression problem.
89.
Public Response to the Soldiers: Indicator Pre-TET PostTET Change
Approves Johnson's handling of job as president 48% 36% -12
Approves Johnson's handling of Vietnam 39% 26% -13
Regards war in Vietnam as a mistake 45% 49% +4
Proportion classifying themselves as "hawks" 60% 41% -19
citizens.
87.
Prohibition: The period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of
112.
Sit-ins: protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took
seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until
served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the
South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student NonViolent Coordinating Committee. (SNCC)
113.
Social Darwinism: The application of ideas about evolution
128.
and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a
justification for their imperialist expansion. Created by Charles
Darwin.
114.
115.
Social Security: An act passed in 1935 gave government-payed
129.
pensions to American citizens over the age 65 as well as provided
help for the unemployed, the disabled, and the needy.
130.
116.
117.
131.
132.
amount of legislation => lack of prosperity => reopened and
strengthened banks => fewer houses were lost => noticeable
change in the spirit of the American people => inspiring
The major success of the New Deal, in most historians' eyes, is
that it helped ease the Great Depression. Please note that I did
not say that it ended the Depression, only the start of WWII did.
119.
133.
120.
Talkies: Motion pictures with synchronized sound for dialogue.
121.
Teapot Dome scandal: A government scandal involving a
134.
Television: A telecommunication system that transmits images
135.
136.
124.
Tet Offensive: A massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on
South Vietnamese towns and cities in 1968 at the beginning of
the Vietnamese calendar year.
125.
Texas: Texans declared their independence from Mexico
believing they deprived them of their rights. James Polk had
Texas become the 28th state in the Union.
126.
Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal: Theodore Roosevelt's
1904 presidential campaign slogan pledging to balance the
interests of business, consumers, and labor, pushing through
Progressive Reforms.
127.
Transatlantic Flight: Flight going across the Atlantic.
Lindbergh 1927 flight across the Atlantic.
Vanderbilt: He was a robber-baron who was known for his
intelligence. He was the "King" of the railroad companies, and
he made his company so powerful that others could not survive,
thus creating a monopoly. He earned a lot of money by getting
favors from the government. Famous quote "To Hell with the
Law! Ain't I got power?"
137.
Vicksburg: Battle which gave the Union control of the
Mississippi River, a major part of their Anaconda plan.
138.
Vietnamization: President Richard Nixons strategy for
ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual
withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with
South Vietnamese forces.
139.
Voting Rights Act of 1965: Federal law that increased
government supervision of local election practices, suspended the
use of literacy tests to prevent people (usually African Americans)
from voting, and expanded government efforts to register voters.
Voter participation increases dramatically.
Temperance Movement: Reform movement begun in the
1800's that fought to ban alcohol in the U.S. This movement led
to the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920.
Utah: A state in the western United States, settled by the
Mormons in 1847.
of objects (stationary or moving) between distant points.
123.
Underground Railroad: 1830, Harriet Tubman the Leader, a
system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network
of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North.
former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was
secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921.
122.
Uncle Tom's Cabin: Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853
that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep
South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition and intensified
sectional conflict.
Taft's Dollar Diplomacy: He lowered tariffs and worked to
get businesses into other countries. He thought that foreign
policy should be about getting our products into foreign markets.
Trusts: Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of
reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a
monopoly).
Suburbs: Residential areas that sprang up close to or
Success and Failures of the New Deal: Astonishing
Truman Doctrine: President Truman's policy of providing
economic and military aid to any country threatened by
communism or totalitarian ideology.
surrounding cities as a result of improvements in transportation.
118.
Trench Warfare: Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed
wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains,
stalemate, used in WWI.
Strategies of Civil War: The North came up with a plan to
win the war known as the "Anaconda Plan."
This plan had three parts:
1. Blockade of southern coastline
2. Take control of Mississippi river
3. Take Richmond Virginia
The south wanted to:
1. Fight defensive war.
2. Get help from European nations because of "King Cotton"
3. Take Washington DC if possible
Transistor: An electronic device that can regulate electricity
and act as a logical gate or switch for an electrical signal.
Sputnik: First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by
Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in
technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and
the space race.
Transcontinental Railroad: A railroad that connected the
eastern United States to the western United States. The railroad
firmly bonded the West Coast the Union, created a trade route to
the far-east, and helped the western expansion.
140.
W.E.B. DuBois: 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard,
encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and
discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910.
141.
WCTU: Women's Christian Temperance Union; Christian
women who focused on temperance; grew into a very radical
movement.
142.
Wilson's Moral Diplomacy: Called for the spread of moral,
democratic principles worldwide (free economies/people).
143.
Women's Role in the Post War (WW2): Women experiences wonderful job growth during the war, but once it ended their employers
expected them to quit and return to their domestic lives. Employers held onto this belief; even though statistics showed that a large
percentage of both married and unmarried women wanted to continue working.
144.
Women's Suffrage: National American Woman Suffrage Association formed in 1910 carries cause of women's suffrage to victory,
granted suffrage in the 19th amendment.
145.
WPA: Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by
FDR during WWII.
146.
Zimmerman Telegram: Telegram sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the British
and sent to the US in 1917.