Download Erikson`s Developmental Stages p. 35

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12/17/07
11:32 AM
Page 35
Chapter 3
Figure 3-3. ■ Horney’s theory states that to promote healthy
development parents must treat a child with care, respect, gentleness, and generosity. Source: The Image Works.
(Figure 3-3 ■). Karen Horney’s theory is at work when
nurses teach parents that children “learn what they live”
and that to raise a healthy adaptive child, parents must treat
the child with care, respect, gentleness, and generosity.
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ERIK ERIKSON
Erik Erikson was born in Germany in 1902. His formal
education ended there in high school (Carson, 2000). He
studied psychoanalysis, worked in a day-care center
founded by Anna Freud (Sigmund’s daughter), and later
worked in the United States with Henry Murray, who
was interested in personality development throughout
life. Erikson created his own personality theory based on
psychosocial development. In it he described how identity
develops in a series of eight stages that are built on
each other (Erikson, 1963, 1980). Figure 3-4 ■ shows
Erikson’s developmental stages. Each of Erikson’s stages
represents a conflict or core problem that the individual
strives to overcome at a critical period of development. A
person must successfully resolve each conflict in order to
master the next one (Wong, Hockenberry-Eaton, Wilson,
Winkelstein, & Schwartz, 2001). The activities required
for mastery of each of the eight stages in Erikson’s psychosocial development theory are called developmental
tasks.
Late
Adulthood
60 years and over
Integrity
vs.
Despair
Middle
Adulthood
40s, 50s
Generativity
vs.
Stagnation
Young
Adulthood
20s, 30s
Intimacy
vs.
Isolation
Adolescence
12–19 years
Identity
vs.
Role confusion
Middle
Childhood
6–11 years
Industry
vs.
Inferiority
Early
Childhood
3–5 years
Initiative
vs.
Guilt
Infancy
1–2 years
Infancy
0–1 year
Personality Theory
Autonomy
vs.
Shame and doubt
Trust
vs.
Mistrust
Figure 3-4. ■ Erikson’s developmental stages. Source: Human Development 4/E by Rice F. Philips, © 2001. Reprinted by permission of Pearson
Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.