Download Cell Quest Study Guide Answers

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CELL BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE- QUEST
*Review all readings, homework, class work, and journal notes.
Readings:
*Diversity of Cells
*Eukaryotic Cells
*Cell membranes and cell walls
*Exchange with the Environment
*Cell Cycle
*Chemistry of Life
*Mendel and His Peas
*Traits and Inheritance
1. What are three differences between plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, chlorophyll, and a large central vacuole. Animal cells
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do not have any of these structures. Animal cells have lysosomes, and plant cells do not.
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http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/
2. Every cell needs a membrane. Why?
The cell membrane holds the cell together. It also controls what goes in and out of the cell.
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Without the cell membrane, the organelles and cytoplasm would go everywhere!
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3. What are the three parts of the Cell Theory?
1) All living organisms are made up of cells.
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2) Cells are the basic unit of life.
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3) All cells come from existing cells.
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4. How do cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems relate to each other?
Cells that work together to form tissues. Tissues that work together to form organs.
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Organs that work together form organ systems.
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5. Please describe the structure of a phospholipid bilayer. What kind of molecules is
it made up of? How are the molecules oriented? Draw a picture to help explain
this.
Phospholipids are made up of a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a
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hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail. The molecules are oriented in a bilayer
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with the heads facing out and the tails facing inward.
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6. How do the following structures work together? Think about the “Cell Factory.”
**Study tip! Re-write this question with different combinations of cell organelles
and try to figure out how they work together.**
• Ribosome
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi complex
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Ribosomes made proteins and they are located on the endoplasmic reticulum. The ER
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transports finished proteins to the Golgi complex. The Golgi complex packages the
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protein in a vesicle to be distributed within the cell or moved out of the cell.
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7. How do mitochondria and chloroplasts work together to help a plant cell work?
Chloroplasts absorb light energy to do photosynthesis and create sugar for plant cells.
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Mitochondria use the sugar to create energy(ATP) through the process of cellular respiration.
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8. What is the difference between active and passive transport? Where do active and
passive transport occur?
Passive transport does not require ATP. Molecules move from high concentration to low conc.
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Active transport needs ATP to work. With active transport, molecules can be moved from low
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concentration to high concentration. Active and passive transport occur in the cell membrane.
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9. Lysosomes have enzymes inside of them. Are enzymes carbohydrates, proteins,
or fats? How do enzymes help lysosomes do their job?
Enzymes are a form of protein. Enzymes work by breaking down other molecules.
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Lysosomes digest food, waste, and broken organelles with the enzymes inside of them.
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10. Explain how the nucleus can control what happens in a lysosome.
The nucleus contains DNA which has genes that code for particular proteins. In the DNA, there
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is a code for the enzymes found inside of the lysosomes that help them digest food, waste, and
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broken organelles.
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11. The cell cycle describes a cell’s life cycle. It begins when the cell is formed and
ends when the cell divides and form new cells. What needs to happen before a
cell divides? (Think about what happens during Interphase.)
The chromosomes need to be copied so that the new cell has the exact genetic make-up
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as the parent cell.
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12. Please describe important events during each phase of mitosis. Feel free to use
drawings to help you.
Centrioles move opposite sides of the cell. Spindle fibers form from the
a. Prophase:___________________________________________________
centrioles and attach to the centromeres (that hold together the chromatids)
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Spindle fibers move the chromatids so that they are aligned on the
b. Metaphase:__________________________________________________
"equator" of the cell. Identical chromosomes are on opposite sides of the "equator."
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Spindle fibers pull identical chromosomes apart to the opposite sides
c. Anaphase:___________________________________________________
of the cell.
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New nuclear membranes form around the separated chromosomes.
d. Telophase:__________________________________________________
Two identical new nuclei are formed.
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13. How do genes and alleles relate to genotype and phenotype?
All of these help to determine phenotype. Alleles are different forms of a gene. Alleles are
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passed from biological parents to offspring. The combination of alleles is the genotype and it
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determines the phenotype of the organism.
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14. What is the difference between a dominant and recessive trait?
Dominant traits are more common and tend to show up in every generation. If one dominant
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allele is present, then the organism shows the dominant phenotype. Recessive traits are less
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common and can skip generations. Two recessive alleles are need to show the recessive pheno.
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15. Define incomplete dominance and give an example.
Incomplete dominance occurs when neither allele is "stronger" than the other. Both alleles
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affect the phenotype so you'll get a mixture/blend of the traits. For example, if a red unicorn and
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blue unicorn have a baby, the offspring can be purple (or blue/red striped/polka-dotted, etc.)
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16. A blue baboon (BB) and a purple baboon (bb) mate. What is the genotype and
phenotype of their baby baboon?
(Make a Punnet Square to figure this out) The genotype would be Bb and the phenotype of the
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baby will be BLUE coloration.
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17. What combination of sex chromosomes do human males and females typically
have?
Human males: XY
Human females: XX
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MAJOR CONCEPTS
• Differences between plant and animal cells
• The Cell Theory
• All cell organelles and their function-Be able to explain how organelles work
together
• Diffusion and Osmosis-Be able to explain how they work and apply the concepts
to real-world examples
• Fats, Carbohydrates, and Proteins-Know what they do for cells and the body
• The Cell Cycle and Mitosis- Be able to identify and explain all the phases of
mitosis; Know what chromosomes, chromatids, centromeres, centrioles, and
spindle fibers are
• Gregor Mendel and what he discovered about genes and alleles
• Genotype and Phenotype- Know how identify both and how to determine a
phenotype based on the genotype
• Dominant vs. Recessive traits and Incomplete dominance