Download DOCS for STATIONS EOC 2017

WESTAFRICA–STATION1
Trans-Sahara Trade and Rise of the Great Empires
Key Facts:
The Trans-Sahara Trade was a major
way in which North and sub-Saharan
Africa were connected to each other and
Africa was connected to the world. The
West African kingdoms grew powerful
because they controlled trade on the
trans-Sharan trade routes. Kingdoms
that were able to control the trade grew
very rich and powerful. The growth of the
Trans-Sahara Trade caused a few
kingdoms to grow very rich and powerful.
In the 8th century, traders in North Africa
began to use camels to transport goods
across the Sahara Desert Three of the West African kingdoms were Ghana, Mali, and
Songhai. Traders would travel in caravans (large groups) for protection across the
Sahara Desert. Many goods were traded across the Sahara Desert, but the two most
famous were gold and salt (yes, salt!) These kingdoms became wealthy because they
traded in gold and salt.
Complex and wealthy civilizations
existed in West Africa before the
Europeans arrived. West Africa
Kingdoms had cities developing
because natural resources around
them were in high demand and there
were overland trade routes to connect
them to North Africa.
Traders from West Africa, where the
Trans-Sahara Trade was centered,
traded gold, which they had a lot of,
for salt from the countries along the
Mediterranean Sea. Cultural diffusion
helped lead to the spread of Islam into
West Africa. Islam spread from North
Africa to West Africa and quickly became the dominant religion there. Because of the
Trans-Sahara Trade, towns began to form along trade routes in order to give traders
breaks along the long, difficult, and dangerous routes
Certain towns that were well placed and could control the trade quickly became rich and
powerful – and turned into larger kingdoms. In particular, there were three great empires
in the West African savanna (grassland with few trees) – Ghana, Songhai, and Mali.
Mali was likely the most famous of these kingdoms because of one of its rulers – Mansa
(ruler) Musa
The kingdom of Mali helped spread Islam, helped turn Timbuktu into a center for culture
and learning, and Mansa Musa is their most famous king. Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to
Mecca led to Islamic learning and culture expanding in Mali. Mansa Musa made Mali
famous to traders in North Africa and Europe by providing protection along trade routes
and selling so much gold to traders that he and his kingdom became wildly rich.
Mansa Musa also made Mali famous because he converted to Islam and made a
pilgrimage (religious trip) to Mecca, the most important city for Muslims. Muslims
practice the Islamic Religion and must make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in their life
time.
CHINESEDYNASTIES–STATION2
MiddleAgesChineseDynastiesTimeline
Tang
Song
Yuan
Ming
TangDynasty
MostoftheChinesedynastiestradedwithothernationsandregionsusingtheSilkRoad.Along
thesetraderoutesnotonlywerenotgoodsintroducednewreligionsandideaswereexchanged
aswell.AtthestartoftheTangDynastytheemperorsweretolerantofmanyreligions.During
theTangDynasty,BuddhismwasreadilyacceptedintoChineseculturebecauseitgavepeople
hopeduringatimeofstruggleandsuffering.Buddhismbecameaverypopularreligion
throughoutChina.However,neartheendofthedynasty,therulersmadeConfucianismthe
nationalreligionandbannedallotherreligions.
Confucianism
ConfucianismwasverystronginChina.Chinesecivilserviceexamsarebasedontheteachings
ofConfucius.ThegovernmentlikedConfucianismbecauseittaughttorespectauthorityand
thatastrongcentralgovernmentwasimportant.TheTangandSongdynastiesusedtheCivil
ServiceexamsbecauseConfucianismtaughtasystemofethicsandmorals.Chineserulers
thoughtpeoplewhostudiedConfucianismwouldmakegoodgovernmentofficials.Confucius
believedthatagoodrulerneedstoleadwithvirtueandrulesofpropriety,whicharestandards
ofbehaviorormorals.ConfuciusalsotaughttheideaofFilialpietywhichisarespectforone’s
father,eldersandancestors.Confucius’teachingsremainedanimportantpartofChinese
cultureandgovernmentupuntilthe20thcentury.Neo-Confucianismwasalsointroducedin
China.Neo-ConfucianismisacombinationofConfucianism,Buddhism,andDaoism.
Achievements
TheAncientChinesewerefamousfortheir
inventionsandtechnology.Manyoftheir
inventionshadlastingimpactontheentire
world.Otherinventionsledtogreatfeats
ofengineeringliketheGrandCanaland
theGreatWallofChina.Chinawasthefirst
todevelopgunpowder,compass,paper,
woodblockprinting,andpapermoney.
YuanDynasty
TheYuanDynastywascreatedbytheMongolleaderKublai
Khan.TheMongolscapturedtheSongcapital
ofHangzhouin1276,andtheyacreatedthelargest
empiretheregionhadeverseen.Itseemedtheywouldbe
successfulincontrollingtheirempireatfirst,butcorruption
atthetopandgreatnaturaldisastersmarkedtheendof
theirdynasticcontrolin1368.
MingDynasty
TheMingDynastybroughtpeaceand
ordertoChinaaftertheMongolrule
oftheYuanDynasty.
TheMingDynastyrepairedtheGreat
WallofChina,createdtheForbidden
City,stoppedallseavoyages,banned
tradewithothercountriesbecause
theydidnotthinktheycouldlearn
anythingnewfromothercountries.
MIDDLEAGESJAPAN–STATION3
Shinto
Japan’s traditional native religion was Shinto. It is
considered something of an animist religion, and
has existence for more than 2500 years. Today
most of Japanese practice both Shi to and
Buddhism – since Shinto focuses on the everyday
and fitting into this world, while Buddhism focuses
on the afterlife.
Heian Period
Heian Period Japan is known
as the Golden Age of
Japanese history because of
the major import and further
development of Chinese ideas
in art, architecture, literature,
and ritual that occurred at this
time and led to a new and
ultimately unique Japanese
culture. During the Golden of
the Heian Period nobles lived
in leisure, literature flourished,
and the Tale of Genji was
written. The political structure,
dominated by the Fujiwara
family and the shoen estates,
provided extended peace
allowing for the growth of a
leisure class of nobles. These
nobles, known as kuge, had
the time and the resources to
establish this new Japanese
culture, as they grew
increasingly isolated from
politics. Living in the court at
Kyoto, the lives of these
nobles were dominated by
rituals, arts, and trends.
Japanese Feudal System
As the nobles focused on the arts
instead of political issues and protection.
The Shogun rose to power in feudal
Japan. The Shogun controlled the true
military power Japan. The daimyo
reported to the shogun, more out of
political and military necessity then out of
loyalty. The daimyo were powerful
warlords. Samurai, Japanese warriors,
lived by the Code of Bushido. The
Samurai were warriors in feudal Japan.
Emperor
Shogun
Daimyo
Samurai
Farmers
Artisans
Merchants
Being samurai was more than a job,
it was a way of life.
Samurai led by example and had a
high moral and ethical code of
behavior.
The Japanese Feudal hierarchy:
Emperor, Shogun, Daimyo, Samurai,
Farmers, Artisans, and Merchants.
CHURCHCONTROVERSIES–STATION4
RomanCatholicChurch
TheRomanCatholicChurchisalegacyoftheRomanEmpire.Thechurchwasapolitical,
intellectual,andaestheticinstitutioninMiddleAgesEurope.TheRomanCatholicChurchwas
themostpowerfulinstitutioninWesternEuropebeforetheendoftheCrusades.Thechurch
hadasystemofmonasteriesthroughoutEuropeweremonkswouldlive,worship,study,and
worktogether.MonasticismhelpedspreadChristianitytoruralareasthroughoutEurope.
Monkswouldteachandhelpthecommunitiesthatlivedaroundtheirmonasteries.Monks
helpedtospreadChristianityallthroughEurope.ThefirstuniversitiesinEuropewerecreated
andbasedonthecontributionsofRomanCatholicMonasteries.
ConflictswithKings
TheInvestitureControversywasafightforpower
betweentheKingHenryIVandPopeGregoryVII.
TheInvestitureControversy,alsoknownasthe
layinvestiturecontroversy,wasthemost
importantconflictbetweensecular(king)andreligious
(pope)powersinmedievalEurope.Itbeganasadispute
inthe11thcenturybetweentheHolyRomanEmperor
HenryIVandPopeGregoryVII.PopeGregoryVII
excommunicatedKingHenryIV.Theoutcomeseemed
mostlyavictoryforthePopeandhisclaimthathewas
God'schiefrepresentativeintheworld.However,the
EmperordidretainconsiderablepowerovertheChurch.
TheConcordatofWormsendedtheInvestiture
Controversy.
Reformation&Counter-Reformation
TheReformationbeganwhen
MartinLuther,aGermanmonk,
nailedhis95-Thesestothe
churchdoor.Thereformers
originallyencouragedthe
CatholicChurchtochangeits
policies.Thechurchtriedtostop
theprotestantreformers.
However,withtheinventionof
theprintingpresstheywere
unabletostopthespreadof
information.Asmoreandmore
peoplelefttheCatholicChurch
forprotestantreligions,thechurchknewtheyneededtotakeaction.TheCounter-Reformation
andtheCouncilofTrentmadedecisionstryingtorestorefaithintheCatholicChurch.
TheCouncilofTrent:
MIDDLEAGESEUROPE–STATION5
LEGACIESOFTHEROMANEMPIRE
TheRomanEmpirehasleftnumerous
legaciesaftertheircollapse.Domes,
Arches,Aqueducts,theLatinLanguage
andtheRomanCatholicChurchareall
legaciesoftheRomanEmpire.Thereare
alsolegaciesrelatingtogovernmenttoo.
SeparationofPowersisaRomanLegacy
ofgovernmentphilosophyusedbythe
UnitedStates.
EASTERNROMANEMPIRE
TheEasternhalfofRomanEmpire
continuedtoflourishastheByzantine
Empire.Thecapitaloftheempirewas
Constantinople.Constantinoplewaseasyto
defend,amajorcrossroadsbetweenEurope
andAsia,andwaseffectedbycultural
diffusion.Constantinoplewasopposedto
numerousdifferentculturesastradersand
merchantsvisitedthecity,bringingwith
themtheirbeliefsandcultures.
JUSTINIAN
TheEmperoroftheEasternRomanempire,Justinian,lookedathis
empireandsawthatthelawswereamess.Becausetheyweren't
writtendown,thelawsinonepartoftheempiremightbedifferent
thenthelawsinanotherpartoftheempire.Justinianwantedallof
hispeopletobetreatedthesameway,soJustinianhadhisjudges
andlawyersgettogetherandwritedownallthelawsoftheland.
Justinian’scodeisstillsignificanttoday.
FEUDALISM
FeudalismbeganinEuropewithoftheFallof
RomeandtheRomanEmpire.
Smallcommunitieswereformedaroundthelocal
lordandthemanor.Thelordownedthelandand
everythinginit.Hewouldkeepthepeasantssafe
inreturnfortheirservice.Thelord,inreturn,
wouldprovidethekingwithsoldiersortaxes.
Feudalismdealswitheconomicsandpolitics.
MANORIALISM
Manorialismdealswithtownsandmanors.ThecenteroflifeintheMiddleAgeswasthe
manor.Themanorwasrunbythelocallord.Helivedinalargehouseorcastlewherepeople
wouldgatherforcelebrationsorforprotectioniftheywereattacked.Asmallvillagewould
formaroundthecastlewhichwouldincludethelocalchurch.Farmswouldthenspreadout
fromtherewhichwouldbeworkedbythepeasants.
GEOGRAPHY–STATION6
IberianPeninsula=SpainandPortugal
LabelthelocationsofMediterraneanSea,Alps,Ural,NorthEuropeanPlain,IberianPeninsula,Spain,
Portugal,ItalyonMAPA.
LabelWestAfrica,China,Japan,andEnglandonMAPB.
DRAWINTHETrans-SharanTradeRoutesandtheSilkRoadontheMAPB.
USETHE
TEXTBOOK
EVENTSINTHEMIDDLEAGES–STATION7
NORMANINVASION
William was a Duke who ruled Normandy, now a region in France. He invaded England after the
death of King Edward the Confessor because he believed he had the most right to be King of
England. But King Harold II had himself crowned king instead. King Harold, with his Saxon army,
and Duke William fought at the Batt le of Hastings on October 14 1066. King Harold was killed in the
battle and his army left. WilliamtheDukeofNormandyearnedthetitletheConquerorwhenhe
wontheBattleofHastingsin1066. On December 25 1066 William was crowned the new King of
England. William brought many changes to England. Some of the consequencesoftheNorman
Invasion:Normans(France)ruledEngland,newlawspassedtogiveNormansmorepower,and
FrenchbecometheofficiallanguageofcourtinEngland.
CRUSADES
TheCrusadeswereaseriesofwarsduring
theMiddleAgeswheretheChristiansof
EuropetriedtoretakecontrolofJerusalem
andtheHolyLandfromtheMuslims.
Jerusalemwasimportanttoanumberof
religionsduringtheMiddleAges.Judaism,
Christianity,andIslamallconsider
Jerusalemaholycity.Afterthecrusades
wealthyEuropeansbegantodemandthe
easterngoodsthattheyhadheardabout
fromcrusaders.
BUBONICPLAGUE
TheBubonicPlaguewasalsoknownasBlackDeath.ThenameBlack
Deathcamefromtheswollenbuboes(glands)inthevictim'sneck,
armpits,andinnerthighthatturnedblackastheyfilledwithblood.
Thistypeofplaguethatwasspreadviathebiteofinfectedratfleas.
TheincreasedtradebetweenAsia,Europe,andAfricawasoneofthe
reasonsthattheBubonicPlaguespreadsoquickly.Overafive-year
periodfrom1347to1352,25millionpeopledied.AfterthePlague,
wagesrosebecausetherewaslesspeopletoworkandtradedeclined.
RECONQUISTA
KingFerdinandandQueenIsabellwantedtoreclaimtheIberian
PeninsulafortheCatholicChurch.TheydrovetheMuslimsand
JewsoutofSpain.ThiswascalledtheReconquista.
100YEARSWAR
The100YearsWarwasfought
betweenEnglandandFrance.
FactsabouttheHundredYearsWar:
Lasted116years,ayoungpeasant
girl,JoanofArc,ledtheFrenchto
victory,anditcausedreligious,
economic,andpoliticalinstability
acrossWesternEurope.
JOANOFARC
Joan of Arc, a peasant girl living in medieval
France, believed that God had chosen her to
lead France to victory in its long-running war
with England. Joan of Arc was able to generate
support for the dauphin (prince) and helped
him be crowned King of France. She was later
burned at the stake as a heretic.
RENAISSANCE/REFORMATIONERA–STATION8
RENAISSANCE
TheRenaissancewasaperiodoftimefromthe
14thtothe17thcenturyinEurope.Theword
"Renaissance"means"rebirth".Comingoutofthe
DarkAges.WesternEuropegainnewknowledge
thatledtotheRenaissanceandthestudyof
ancientRomanandGreekworksfromthe
crusadersreturningfromcontactwithMuslim
scholarsandfromthe
MoorishScholarsin
Spain.Duringthe
Renaissancepeople
becamemoresecular.Theybecamemorefocusedonthisworld
insteadofgettingintoheaven.MichelangeloandLeonardodaVinci
wereleadersoftheRenaissanceperiod.Humanismwasabeliefof
thistime.Humanismisasystemofvaluesandbeliefsthatisbased
ontheideathatpeoplearebasicallygoodandproblemscanbe
solvedusingreasoninsteadofreligion.
REFORMATION
TheReformationbeganin1517whenaGerman
monkcalledMartinLutherprotestedaboutthe
CatholicChurch.Hisfollowersbecameknownas
Protestants.MartinLutherstartedthe
ReformationMovementwithhis95Thesis.The
ReformationReformersaccusedtheCatholic
Churchofthefollowingabuses:chargingfor
baptisms,sellingindulgencestopardonsins,
ultimateauthorityofthechurchratherthanthe
bibleandaccumulationofgreatwealthbychurch
leaders.
Inthemid1500sAD,anotherreligiousleaderbythe
nameofJohnCalvinbeganworkingtobringabout
reformintheCatholicChurch.JohnCalvinhadto
leaveFranceandfledtoGeneva,Switzerland.John
CalvinstartedCalvinism.JohnCalvinbelievedinthe
absolutepoweroffaith,predestination,and
individualcontrolofpersonalbehavior.
PRINTINGPRESS
JohannesGutenberginventedtheprintingpress.The
printingpressmadebooksavailabletomanypeople
inthevernacular(everydaylanguageofthepeople)
language.Thismadebookscheaperandquickerto
produce.Theprintingpressmadeitmoredifficultfor
theCatholicChurchtocontrolreligiousideas.The
RomanCatholicChurchwasadamantlyagainst
printingthebibleintothevernacularlanguages.They
wanteditinLatinonly.