Download Unit has significant role in both exams

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K. Srinivasulu
Senior Faculty, Sri Chaitanya
Educational Institutions,
Unit has significant role in both exams
Hyderabad
STRUCTURAL
ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS
"Structural organization in Animals" is the Second Unit in the syllabus of Junior Inter Zoology. This unit
covers the fundamental characters of
animals which include the body
organization, symmetry, coelom and
animal tissues. This unit consist the
topics like levels of organization,
symmetry, coelom and animal tissues
like epithelial, connective tissues,
muscular and nervous tissues.
Weightage of this chapter in
IPE and EAMCET
i) 10 marks weightage is allotted for
this chapter in IPE in the form of 3
VSAQs and 1 SAQ.
ii) 2 - 3 questions generally ask from
this chapter in EAMCET (analysis
of EAMCET 2004 - 2015 papers).
In this manner this unit has significant role in both exams.
Previous Questions
Very short answer type questions.
1. What is cephalisation? How is it
useful to its possessors?
Ans: ❖ Cephalization is the process
where the concentration of nerve
and sensory cells at the anterior
end of animals (in the head).
❖
It appears in bilateral symmetrical animals.
❖
As the result of cephalization, these animals can sense the new
environment into which they enter and respond more efficiently
and quickly.
2. Mention the animals that exhibited a "tube-within-a-tube" organization for the first time? Name
their body cavity.
Ans: Nematodes, Rotifers of the phylum Aschelminthes are the first
animals to exhibit a "tubewithin-a-tube" organization.
Body cavity is pseudocoelom in
these animals.
3. What are retroperitoneal organs?
Ans: The organs like kidneys of vertebrates are covered by the parietal peritoneum only on their ventral side. This peritoneum is considered as retroperitoneum and
the organs lined by it are known
as retroperitoneal organs.
4. Why is the true coelom considered as a secondary body cavity?
Ans: In eucoelomates, the blastocoel
or primary body cavity is replaced by true coelom derived from
the mesoderm. So true coelom is
considered as secondary body
cavity.
5. Radial symmetry is an advantage
to the sessile or slow moving organisms. Justify this statement.
This unit has basic information about various characters of animals.
Students should prepare levels of organization among animals like cellular
like, tissue level, organ level and organ-system level. Study of different
types of symmetry, their significance in different types of animals is also
important. Types of coelom and their formation; types of animal tissues like
epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous are also important.
❖
❖
Ans: Animals showing radial symmetry live in water and they can
respond equally to stimuli that
arrive from all directions. Thus,
radial symmetry is an advantage
to sessile or slow moving animals.
6. Distinguish between exocrine and
endocrine glands with examples.
Ans. Exocrine glands are provided
with ducts. Secrete mucus, saliva, earwax, oil, milk, digestive
enzymes and other cell products.
Endocrine glands are ductless
and their products are hormones
which are not sent out via ducts,
but are carried to the target organs by blood. Ex: pituitary gland.
7. Distinguish between holocrine
and apocrine glands.
Ans: Apocrine glands in which the
apical part of the gland cell in pinched off along with the secretory product.
Ex: Mammary glands.
Holocrine glands, in which the
entire cell disintegrates to discharge the contents.
Ex: Sebaceous glands.
8. Distinguish between a tendon
and a ligament.
Ans: Tendons are the collagen fibrous tissue of dense regular connective tissue which attach the skeletal muscles to bones.
Ligaments are also the collagen
fibers tissue of dense regular connective tissue which attach bones.
9. What is the strongest cartilage?
In which regions of the human
body, do you find it?
Ans: The fibrous cartilage is the strongest of all types of cartilages.
It occurs in the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis of the
pelvis.
10. What is a Sesamoid bone? Give
an example.
Ans: Sesamoid bones are formed by
ossification in tendons.
Ex: Patella (Knee cap bone) and
Pisiform bone of the wrist of a
mammal.
Important List of Short
Answer type questions
1. Describe the formation of schizocoelom and enterocoelom.
2. Describe the three types of cartilage.
3. Explain Haversian system.
4. Describe the structure of a skele-
tal muscle.
5. Describe the structure of a cardiac muscle.
6. Describe the structure of a multipolar neuron.
Vertebrates are secondarily schizocoelic.
Radial symmetry is an advantage
to sessile or slow moving animals.
The organs covered by parietal
peritoneum only on their ventral
side are known as retroperitoneal
organs. Eg. Kidneys.
Protostomians exhibit spiral, determinate cleavage with mosaic
embryo.
Deuterostomes exhibit radial, indeterminate cleavage with regulative embryo.
Merocrine glands - pancreas; apocrine glands - mammary glands;
holocrine - sebaceous glands.
Tissues in the wall of trachea:
a) epithelium – pseudostratified
ciliated.
b) connective tissue – elastic.
c) cartilage – hyaline as c- shaped rings.
Tendon and ligaments are dense
regular connective tissues.
Periosteum, perichondrium, pericardium, endosteum, heart valves, joint capsule have dense
irregular connective tissue.
Weakest and strongest cartilages
❖
❖
❖
❖
Jr. Inter
❖
Zoology
Zoology
❖
Important points for
EAMCET
❖
❖
❖
First, second and third key transition stages in the evolution of
the animal body plan are tissues,
bilateral symmetry and origin of
body cavity(coelom) respectively.
Gastropod molluscans are secondarily aceolomates.
Adult echinoderms are secondarily (pentamerous) radial symmetrical.
❖
❖
❖
❖
EAMCET PREVIOUS
QUESTIONS
1. Choose the wrong statement
with reference to smooth
muscles (TS EAMCET 2015)
1) myofibrils show alternate
dark and light bands
2) they are spindle shaped uninucleate cells
3) their contractions are under
the control of autonomous
nervous system
4) they exhibit prolonged contractions
2. Whorton's jelly present in umbilical cord is an example for
(AP EAMCET 2015)
1) adipose tissue
2) mucus connective tissue
3) areolar tissue
4) elastic connective tissue
3. Assertion (A): In cardiac muscle, impulses are transmitted
rapidly.
Reason (R): Gap junctions allow quick passage of ions from
one cell to the other.
(AP EAMCET 2015)
1) Both A and R are true and R
4.
5.
6.
7.
explains A
2) Both A and R are true but R
does not explains A
3) A is true but R is false
4) A is false but R is true
The glial cells which help in
providing blood-brain barrier
are
(AP EAMCET 2015)
1) Astrocytes
2) Ependymal cells
3) Microglia
4) Oligodendrocytes
The epithelium that lines the inner lining of ducts of sweat glands and pancreatic duct is
(EAMCET 2014)
1) pseudostratified
2) stratified cuboidal
3) stratified non-keratinsed
4) transitional
Dense regular connective tissue
is present in (EAMCET 2014)
1) pericardium and heart valves
2) ligament and tendon
3) joint capsule and wharton's
jelly
4) periosteum and endosteum
Arrange the following in the
ascending order of their number
per cubic millimeter, present in
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖
are hyaline and fibrous respectively.
Ascending order of leucocytes
based on their percentages is basophils → eosinophils → monocytes → lymphocytes → neutrophils.
Skeletal muscles are structural
syncytial while cardiac muscle is
functional syncytium.
Ectodermal muscles are the
muscles of iris and ciliary body.
Mesodermal neuroglia are microglia.
Neuroglia of CNS are astrocytes,
oligodendrocytes, microglia and
ependymal cells.
Spasms are sustained involuntary
contractions shown by smooth
muscles.
Intercalated discs are present in
cardiac muscles.
Sequence of Haemopoietic tissues during development is Yolk
sac mesoderm → liver & spleen
→ Red bone marrow.
Packed cell volume or hematocrit
value is the percentage of total
volume of blood occupied by
erythrocytes (RBC).
Fall in levels of plasma albumin
results in oedema.
Cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue because it has numerous sarcosomes (mitochondria), many molecules of myoglobin and rich supply of blood for
continuous aerobic respiration.
the blood.
(EAMCET 2013)
A. Basophils
B. Lymphocytes
C. Eosinophils
D. Neutrophils
E. Monocytes
1) A C B D E 2) C A D E B
3) C A D B E 4) A C E B D
8. The connective tissue that helps
in the maintenance of body
temperature in new born
(EAMCET 2012)
1) Areolar
2) White adipose
3) Brown adipose
4) Dense regular
9. Identify the holocrine gland
from the following
(EAMCET 2011)
1) Mammary gland
2) Sebaceous glands
3) Liver
4) Pancreas
10. Symmetry in Ctenophores is
(EAMCET 2011)
1) Spherical
2) Pentaradial
3) Biradial
4) Radial
Answers
1) 1;
5) 2;
9) 2;
2) 2; 3) 1;
6) 2; 7) 4;
10) 3.
4) 1;
8) 3;