Download Concept 22.1 – The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional

Summer Assignment Part III:
Textbook Reading & Content Focus Questions Ch. 22 & 23
Concept 22.1 – The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by
unchanging species. While Darwin is accredited with being the father of evolutionary thought, many
scientists’ discoveries and ideas helped shape Darwin’s thinking.
1. How did Charles Lyell’s principle of uniformitarianism help guide Darwin’s thinking?
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2. Identify the principles of Lamarck’s theory of evolution. Discuss how these ideas differ from those of
Darwin.
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Concept 22.2 – Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the
unity and diversity of life.
3. Define descent with modification:
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4. How did Darwin’s experience with artificial selection influence his theories of evolution?
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5. Carefully define the following terms:
a. allele: ___________________________________________________________________________
b. genotype: ________________________________________________________________________
c. phenotype: _______________________________________________________________________
d. fitness: __________________________________________________________________________
e. adaptation:
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6. How do genetic variation and mutation play roles in natural selection?
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7. How does an ever-changing environment play a role in natural selection? Provide one biological example
that supports your answer.
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8. Summarize the observations and inferences recognized as the backbone of evolution by natural selection
as presented by Darwin. You should use the following terms in your description: natural variation,
overproduction of offspring, limited resources & competition, favorable phenotypes, heritable traits,
fitness, adaptation, evolution by natural selection.
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Concept 22.3 – Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence.
9. For each of the following, indicate how it is used as evidence of evolution by natural selection:
a. direct observation (antibiotic-resistant bacteria)
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b. the fossil record/paleontology:
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c. biogeography:
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d. continental drift: _________________________________________________________________________________
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e. endemic species:
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f. homology:
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g. homologous structures:
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h. vestigial organs:
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i.
embryonic homologies:
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j.
molecular homologies:
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k. convergent evolution/analogous structures:
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Ch. 22 Essential Knowledge – bringing it all together.
10. Define natural selection and evolution:
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11. Homologous structures show evidence of relatedness while analogous structures show solutions to similar
problems but DO NOT indicate close relatedness. Give relevant biological examples that support this
statement.
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12. Individuals do not evolve, populations evolve. Explain what is meant by this statement and give a relevant
biological example that supports it.
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Concept 23.1 – Mutation and sexual reproduction produce the genetic variation that makes evolution
possible.
1. Define microevolution and explain how it is different from macroevolution.
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2. Mutations are the only source of new genes and new alleles, and only mutations in the cell lines that
produce gametes can be passed to offspring. Describe the following types of mutations and give an
example of each:
a. point mutations:
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b. chromosomal mutations:
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3. Most of the genetic variation within a population is the result of sexual recombination. Describe the
following three mechanisms for shuffling of alleles:
a. crossing over:
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b. independent assortment:
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c. fertilization:
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Concept 23.2 – The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving.
4. What is meant by the statement “the population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?”
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5. What are the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
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6. How does each of the following break Hardy-Weinberg assumptions?
a. small population size:
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b. natural selection:
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c. gene flow:
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d. mutation:
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e. selective mating:
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7. Describe the following variables or equations as they relate to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
a. p = _____________________________________________________________________________
b. q = _____________________________________________________________________________
c. p2 = _____________________________________________________________________________
d. 2pq = ___________________________________________________________________________
e. q2 = _____________________________________________________________________________
f. p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 __________________________________________________________________
g. p + q = 1 _________________________________________________________________________
8. Using the variables described above, evaluate the following: Suppose in a plant population that red flowers
(R) are dominant to white flowers (r). In a population of 750 individuals, 40% show the recessive
phenotype. How many individuals would you expect to be homozygous dominant and heterozygous for
this trait? Hint: solve for p2 and 2pq! Show your work below:
Concept 23.3 – Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population.
9. Mutations can alter gene frequency but are rare. The three major factors that alter allelic frequencies and
bring about most evolutionary change are natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Describe how
each of the following alter allele frequencies AND whether the ultimate outcome is an increase or
decrease in genetic variation within a population:
a. Natural Selection:
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b. Genetic Drift:
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c. Gene Flow:
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10. How does genetic drift apply to each of the following? Give an example of each.
a. Founder Effect:
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b. Bottleneck Effect:
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Concept 23.4 – Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution.
11. What is meant by the term relative fitness? How is it measured?
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12. Natural selection acts more directly on the phenotype and indirectly on the genotype and can alter allele
frequency in three major ways. Describe AND give an example of each of the following modes of natural
selection:
a. Directional Selection:
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b. Disruptive Selection:
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c. Stabilizing Selection:
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13. Label the following graphs of variation in color with the type of selection. Provide a description of each
type of selection under the graph.
14. Genetic variation may be preserved in a population. Define the following and describe how each
preserves genetic variation.
a. Diploidy:
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b. Heterozygous Advantage:
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15. Using the example of sickle-cell anemia and malaria, discuss how nature can preserve a deleterious
(harmful) trait in a population.
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16. Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms. For each of the following, give an example or describe
what is meant by the statement:
a. Evolution is limited by historical constraints.
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b. Adaptations are often compromises.
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c. Not all evolution is adaptive.
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d. Selection can only edit existing variations.
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Ch. 23 Essential Knowledge – bringing it all together.
Now that you have completed Ch. 23, use your virtual lab packet to complete the online simulation of AP Lab
#8 – Population Genetics.
a. Log onto http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/index.html and select AP Lab
8 - Population Genetics.
b. All lab responses should be written directly into your virtual lab packet and submitted with your
summer assignment.