Download Evolution Review Key

Evolution Review Key
Define the following terms:
1. adaptation: a characteristic that increases an organisms chance of
survival.
2. cladogram: a diagram that displays proposed evolutionary relationships
among a group of species.
3. camouflage: a survival strategy where organisms blend to their
surroundings.
4. mimicry: a survival strategy where an organism will mimic a larger, more
fierce organism to scare off predators.
5. artificial selection: man’s attempt to pass specific traits on (ex. Dog
breeding)
6. evolution: change over time.
7. homologous structure: structures (developed from the same embryonic
material) that have different mature forms (adapted for different
environments).
8. vestigial structure: structures that are no longer in use; obsolete. (ex. The
appendix in humans)
9. natural selection: ‘survival of the fittest’- more suitable traits survive, while
weaker traits die out.
10. gene pool: the collection of genes in a specific population of organisms.
11. theory: a supported, explainable action that occurs in the natural world.
12. allele frequency: the amount of times a specific allele (trait) appears in a
population.
13. genetic equilibrium: allele frequencies remain constant.
14. Hardy- Weinberg Principle: Allele frequencies will remain constant unless
something causes those factors to change.
15. adaptive radiation: a process where one species evolves and gives rise to
many descendant species that occupy different ecological niches.
What did the following scientists discover?
16. Hutton: Published a theory how geological forces shaped the Earth.
17. Malthus: Human populations will grow faster than the Earth can sustain.
18. Lamarck: ‘Use or Disuse’ theory
19. Lyell: Processes occurring now have shaped the Earth for a long time
previous.
20. Darwin: Natural Selection; Evolution.
21. Darwin published his works in a book titled: Origin of Species…HMS
Beagle…Galapagos Isands…beaks…finches….shells…tortoises/turtles
22. What are the five adaptations that increase an organism’s chance of
survival?
a. Mimicry
b. Camoflauge
c. Photosynthesis
d. Warning color
e. Hunting Methods
23. A scientist who studies fossils is known as a Paleontologist.
24. What is a fossil? Preserved remains of an organism.
25. What would be an example of homologous structures? Human arm vs.
Whale fin, etc. (Homologous structure worksheet)
26. What would be an example of vestigial structures? Appendix (human),
whale pelvic bones.
27. How many layers of rock are being observed? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
28. Which fossil is probably older? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
29. Which fossil is probably the most recent? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
30. Which fossil is probably the most complex? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
31. How did you know which fossils are more simple or more complex?
Older = simple ; recent = complex.
32. What are the five conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium?
a. random mating
b. large population
c. no movement into/ out of population
d. no mutations
e. no natural selection
33. Movement of genes, into/ out of a population is referred to as Gene flow.
34. What do gene shuffling and mutation produce? New species
35. What is the difference between stabilizing, directional, and disruptive
selection?
Stabilizing: intermediate phenotypes are selected over phenotypes at
both extremes.
Directional: one uncommon phenotype is selected over a more common
phenotype
Disruptive: two opposite but equally uncommon phenotypes are selected
over a more common phenotype
36. When two populations are separated by geographic barriers like rivers
and mountains this is known as geographic isolation.
37. When two or more species reproduce at different times this is known as
temporal isolation.
38. What is the difference between convergent evolution and coevolution?
Convergent: unrelated organisms come to resemble each other.
Coevolution: organisms develop and evolve together.
39. An example of convergent evolution would be dolphin vs. penguin and an
example of coevolution would be insect to orchid (remember pics on
powerpoint).
40. What theory proposed that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities
formed by prokaryotic cells? Endosymbiotic Theory
41. What causes genetic drift? Genetic Drift - change that occurs due to
chance - natural disasters (wipe out entire gene pools), mass migration
(caribou, monarch butterfly), “bottlenecking” (elephant seal); has a
greater effect on small populations.
42. What does similarity in the sequence of amino acids reveal about
different animals?
The more similar the sequence of amino acids, the closer the
evolutionary relationship.