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MENTORS T H E A I R W AY S 3D Modeling of a Complete Respiratory Airway for Use in Computational Flow Dynamics Studies of Particle Deposition in the Lungs THE MODEL METHODS ORAL CAVITY The oral cavity model was created by making a cast of a 22-year-old female volunteer’s mouth. The cast was scanned using a Model Maker Z140 3D Scanner with a Romer Cimcore Infinite Arm. The model of the oropharynx, laryngeopharynx, and larynx was created in Maya. LARYNX The dimensions were taken from multiple sagittal and anterior medical photographs of cadavers and a partial cadaver cast of the throat. The model of the trachea, main bronchi, and bronchi generations 2-5 was created using 3D Doctor and slices from the thoracic region of the female Visible Human Project (VHP). TRACHEA The VHP images were imported into 3D Doctor, and each airway boundary was defined. A 3D, polygon-based surface model was rendered in 3D Doctor by connecting the defined boundaries from all of the segmented images. MAIN BRONCHI Branches beyond the 5th generation were trimmed off due to their lack of clarity in the VHP images. BRONCHI GEN 2-5 The model of bronchi generations 6-19 was created in Maya. The dimensions were obtained from the paper Models of the human bronchial tree by Keith Horsefield, Gladys Dart, Dan E. Olson, Giles F. Filley, and Gordon Cumming. Branching angles were provided in the paper; however, angles relative to gravity had to be estimated. BRONCHI GEN 6-19 A model of the left lung was created using 3D Doctor and slices from the thoracic region of the female Visible Human Project (VHP). The bronchi model was placed into the lung model, and the angles relative to gravity were estimated in order for the bronchi to fit in the lower posterior lobe. The acinus model was created in Maya. ACINUS The dimensions were measured from a cast of a human acinus observed under a scanning electron microscope. M AYA MODELING Can create more organically shaped models than engineering CAD programs. Models are more modifiable, meaning they can be altered to represent different disease states (e.g., asthma). VP SCULPT REFINEMENT • Reducing faces • Smoothing • Trimming and deleting edges SOLID WORKS CONVERSION & MEASUREMENTS Converts the model from a surface texture to a closed-volume, solid model. The model created in Solid Works represents the volume of air inside the airway. Measurements are made to ensure that the dimensions of the model are defined and accurate. FUTURE RESEARCH MAYA TO CFD R o c h e s t e r I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y BETSY SKRIP Medical Illustration I M A G I N G PATHOLOGICAL COMPARISONS The next model to be created will be the airway of an asthmatic. Bronchial tubes in asthmatic sufferers are constricted, thereby reducing air flow. Creation of this model will involve altering the morphometry of the healthy-state airway model. MODELING THE BRONCHIAL TREE Using data from Models of the human bronchial tree, we plan to eventually create a complete model of the entire respiratory tract. This will involve modeling one complete pathway for all lobes of both the left and right lungs. 3D MODELING AND ANIMATION OF THE RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE Other 3D models of the respiratory system do not extend beyond the acinus. The goal of this project, which was started in summer 2007, is to continue this visual reduction to the nanoscale level (less than 100 nm) in an effort to model cellular and molecular detail of the respiratory membrane. WHAT IS THE RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE? Capillaries (very small blood vessels) surround the alveoli (rounded projections) of an acinus. The respiratory membrane, also called the blood-air barrier, is the interface between an alveolus and a capillary. Inhaled oxgen crosses the respiratory membrane into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide crosses from the blood into the airways and is exhaled. WHY MODEL THE RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE? Recent research has shown that nanoparticles (particles less than 100 nm in at least one dimension) can cross the respiratory membrane. FLUENT However, the mechanisms of transport are not well known. COMPUTATIONAL FLOW DYNAMICS Modeling the structure of the respiratory membrane will help us to visualize the possible mechanisms of nanoparticle transport. • Flow Analysis • Particle Deposition DR. RISA ROBINSON DR. RICHARD DOOLITTLE Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering 585-475-6445 [email protected] http://people.rit.edu/~rjreme/banner.htm Professor and Head Allied Health Sciences Department 716-475-2978 [email protected] http://people.rit.edu/rldsbi Future studies will also help us to better understand the possible health effects and medical applications of nanoparticle inhalation. SPONSOR American Cancer Society ® MODELERS JACKIE RUSSO JESSICA WEISMAN BETSY SKRIP MFA, Mechanical Engineering Class of 2007 MFA, Medical Illustration Class of 2007 MFA, Medical Illustration Class of 2008 Oral Cavity, Trachea, Main Bronchi, Bronchi Generations 2-5 Larynx, Acinus Bronchi Generations 6-19 Respiratory Membrane