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From ancient Greece to Nobel prize: a Higgs timeline 8 October 2013 A timeline of particle physics up to Tuesday's Englert and Robert Brout of the Free University of Nobel nod for the theorists behind the Higgs boson Brussels, followed by British physicist Peter Higgs, . and then the US-British team of Dick Hagen, Gerald Guralnik and Tom Kibble. 5th century BC: Greek philosopher Democritus suggests the Universe consists of empty space as - Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig of the United States propose that protons and neutrons well as invisible and indivisible particles called are comprised of quarks. atoms. 1974: The Standard Model of physics is devised: a theory that everything in the Universe is made up of 12 building-block particles governed by four fundamental forces. The theory cannot work without the Higgs boson conferring mass on matter, 1897: The electron is discovered by Britain's as the fundamental particles by their very nature do Joseph Thomson, who later proposes a "plum pudding" model of the atom. He suggests the atom not have mass of their own. is a slightly positive sphere with raisin-like 1977-2000: A flurry of discoveries strengthens the electrons inside that have a negative charge. Standard Model hypothesis, including the existence of several quarks and leptons (the two types of 1899-1919: New Zealand physicist Ernest fundamental particles), the tau neutrino and W and Rutherford identifies the atomic nucleus, the Z bosons that help carry the "weak" force. proton, and alpha and beta particles. 1802: John Dalton, a Quaker-educated English physicist and chemist, lays the groundwork for modern atomic theory. 2008: The European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) starts up the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world's biggest particle 1932: The neutron, similar to the proton but with no smasher. electrical charge, is discovered by James July 4, 2012: CERN announces it has discovered a Chadwick of Britain. The first antiparticle, the particle that resembles the Higgs. New data positron (the mirror particle to the electron), is analysed since then has given rise to increasing discovered by American Carl Anderson. scientific certainty that the discovery is indeed the 1934: Italy's Enrico Fermi postulates the existence elusive "God particle", as the boson is also known. of the neutrino (Italian for "little neutral one"), a neutral-charge partner to the electron. The theory October 8, 2013: Higgs and Englert are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their conception of is confirmed in 1959. the particle. 1950s: The invention of the particle accelerator leads to a surge in discoveries of sub-atomic © 2013 AFP particles. 1920s: Advances in quantum theory, about the behaviour of matter at the atomic level. 1964: Within months of each other, six physicists publish the theory of a subatomic particle providing mass to matter. First to publish were Francois 1/2 APA citation: From ancient Greece to Nobel prize: a Higgs timeline (2013, October 8) retrieved 18 June 2017 from https://phys.org/news/2013-10-ancient-greece-nobel-prize-higgs.html This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only. 2/2 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)