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Introduction to
Medical Terminolgy
November 18th
Lecture
general introduction to
November, 18th 2016: 14-18 h
November, 19th 2016: 9-13 h
December, 2nd 2016: 14-18 h
December, 3rd 2016: 9-13 h
January, 13th 2016: 14-18 h
January, 14th 2016: 9-13 Uhr
objective
examination
content of course
terminology and character of different
medical fields including the historical and
ethnomedical scope
Mag.phil. Dr. med. Katharina Sabernig
Associated researcher of
Institute for Social Anthropologie (ISA) of AAS
Lecturer at
Database on Tibetan Medical Terms
Katharina Anna Sabernig MA/MD
Medical University of Vienna
part of FWF project (P26129-G21)
Department of South Asian, Tibetan and Buddhist Studies
www.crossasia.org/en/service/lab/tibetanterms.html
[email protected]
COURSE-OBJECTIVE
Introduction to Nomenclature of
Different Medical Areas
understanding of:
(professional and colloquial) language
morphology of words
diagnostic and therapeutic course
case reports
medical thinking
Mag.phil. Dr. med. Katharina Sabernig
general word formation
medical fields and specialization
the healthy human being
medical examination, diagnostics
symptoms, syndroms and diseases
therapeutic intervention
Marking
online database:
combination of
final examination (~80) and participation in lessions (~20)
examination consists of open, specific and multiple choice
questions
study-material: Power Point presentations without images
www.dict.leo.org
www.medicinenet.com/medterms-medical-dictionary/article.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
www.med4you.at (Labor/German)
Fachsprache Medizin im Schnellkurs
Axel Karenberg
Für Studium und Berufspraxis
4 Auflage, 2015
Schattauer
Medical Terminology
medical language with obligatory defined terms
+communication between qualified personnel
+clarity and comprehensibility of diagnostic findings
+documentation
+scientific talk and publik lectures
+publications
+in individual cases: secret language
Professional and Colloquial Language
Medical Terminology
understanding medical reports and discharge papers
convey (medical and intercultural) competence
professional language
scientific nomenclature
used by teachers to students
publications
colloquial language
used by physicians to patients
Professional and Colloquial Language
Types of words
professional language
scientific nomenclature: Carcinoma cervix uteri
Eponyms (personal names + definiton
used by teachers to students: cervical carcinoma
Akronyms (abbreviated word, short name)
Synonyms (multiple terms)
colloquial language
used by physicians to patients: cervical cancer
Eponyms (personal names + definition)
Antonyms (opposite terms)
Metonyms (metaphorical terms)
Akronyms (abbreviated word, short name)
Non-medical
non-medical
Laser
Diesel engine
Light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation
Keynesian economics
Medical
AIDS
medical
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Diseases: Alzheimer‘s diseases, Parkinson disease
SIDS
Operation: Billroth-I-Operation
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Anatomy: Eustachian tube, Aschoff Tawara node
ADHS/D
Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Syndrome/Disorder
Synonyms (multiple terms)
Antonyms (opposite terms)
infectious mononucleosis=glandular
fever=kissing disease
Anatomy:
anterior :: posterior,
(Germ.: Pfeiffersches Drüsenfieber)
superior :: inferior
Aschoff Tawara node = AV node = Atrioventricular
node
Pathology:
benigne :: maligne
acute :: chronical
Metonyms (metaphorical terms)
Etymology of medical terms
Anatomy:
sella turcica (Turkish Chair)
Germ: Rabenschnabelfortsatz: engl:
acromiocoracoid
Pathology:
Elephantiasis
clinical significance of a medical term does
not always coorespond to etymological
origin.
example: tumor
http://www.etymonline.com
Tumor
http://www.etymonline.com
/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=tumor&s
earchmode=none
Tumor:
early 15c., from Latin tumor "swelling,
condition of being swollen, a tumor,"
from tumere "to swell" (see tumid)
Medical Word Formation
general rule
Latin origin: anatomical, histological, pathological
Greek origin: clinical, functional, quantities
English origin: neologism, modern words
German: colloquial language
Accentuation of latin terms is not
placed on the last syllable
Accentuation of latin terms
Exercise
mnemotechnic verses
accentuate in the correct manner
+ Accentuation of latin terms is never placed on the
last syllable
coma (derived from Greek: deep sleep)
adipositas (obesity)
angina (narrowing)
retina (net, germ: Netzhaut)
tumor (bulge, swelling)
eczema (inflamation of the skin)
carcinoma (malign, evil tumor)
cauda (tail)
A. carotis (carotid artery, germ.: Halsschlagader)
+ Latin words with two syllabels: accent falling on the
first syllable: e.g.: Vena (vein), Colon (large intestine)
+ second last syllable short, so will be accentuated the
third to the last: e.g.: decubitus (pressure ulcer)
+ Accentuation depends on the length of the second
last syllable.
Accentuation of latin terms
Exercise
Word elements
accentuate in the correct manner
coma (derived from Greek: deep sleep)
adipositas (obesity)
angina (narrowing)
retina (net, germ: Netzhaut)
tumor (bulge, swelling)
eczema (inflamation of the skin)
carcinoma (malign, evil tumor)
cauda (tail)
A. carotis (carotid artery, germ.: Halsschlagader)
disassemble a term in his components
helps to understand its meaning
word stem
word stem: WS (Germ. Wortstamm)
connecting vowel: CV (Germ.: Bindevokal)
prefix: P (germ.: Vorsilbe)
suffix: S (Germ.: Nachsilbe)
disassemble a term in his components
helps to understand its meaning
präfix+CV
word stem
heart
Endo
card
Latin: cor
inside
heart
Greek: kardía (καρδία)
Germ.: Herzinnenhaut
medical use: card
Engl.: heart's inner membrane
connecting vowel is usually „o“, has no meaning,
omitted in case of following vowels
disassemble a term in his components
helps to understand its meaning
präfix+CV
Endo-
Other important prefixes
Beginning
Meaning
Examples
oligo-
little
oligurie
dys-
„error“
dysfunction
poly-
many
polyarthritis
word stem
card
Germ.: Herzinnenhaut; Engl.: heart's inner membrane
card
MyoGerm.: Herzmuskel; Engl.: cardic muscle
disassemble a term in his components
helps to understand its meaning
präfix+CV
word stem
suffix
Endo-
card
-itis
Endocarditis: Inflammation of the heart's inner membrane
Myocard
-itis
Myocarditis: Inflammation of the cardic muscle
disassemble a term in his components
helps to understand its meaning
präfix
Endo-
word stem
card
suffix
-itis
Endocarditis: Inflammation of the heart's inner membrane
Myocard
-itis
Myocarditis: Inflammation of the cardic muscle
Pericard
-itis
Pericarditis: Inflammation of the Pericardium (heart sac)
Other important suffixes
Other important suffixes
ending
meaning
examples
ending
meaning
examples
-itis
inflammation
tonsillitis
pharyngitis
sinusitis
bronchitis
arthritis
colitis
-itis
inflammation
tonsillitis
-osis
degenerative, chronical
condition
arthrosis
Other important suffixes
Other important suffixes
ending
examples
Ending
Meaning
Examples
-osis
arthrosis (degenerative joint disease)
bilharziosis (tropical infectios disease)
multiple sclerosis (autoimmune disorder)
-itis
inflammation
tonsillitis
-osis
degenerative, chronical
condition
arthrose
colic
cramp like pain
renal colic
Other important suffixes
Ending
Meaning
Examples
Differences between German and
Englisch medical terms
Origin
Definition
cerebralis regarding
-itis
inflammation
tonsillitis
-osis
degenerative, chronical
condition
arthrose
cramp like pain
renal colic
(Germ: Nierenkolik)
biliar colic
(Germ: Gallenkolik)
intestinal colic
(Darmkolik)
colic
Englisch form
zerebral
cerebral
Karzinom
carcinoma
the brain
carcinoma malignant
tumor
Anglicism in German medical
language
shunt:
German form
short circuit connection between arteries and veins
pacemaker: Germ.: Herzschrittmacher
bypass:
surgical procedure performed to redirect blood flow
staging:
stages of Tumor
stroke unit: emergency ward for stroke stroke (Schlaganfall)
patients
anaemia
anaemia (brit.)Anämie
anemia (US)
prognosis prediction
Prognose
prognosis
anatomia doctrine of
Anatomie
Anatomy
body structures
Case report
Symtom: visible Hematura: WSblood+CV, WSurin
Diagn:
cystoscopy: WSbladder +CV, WS
[transurethral] biopsy, PWS+S PWS
bone scintigraphy, WSscinti+CV, WSdepiction
CT: Computertomography
WSComputerWScut+CV, WSdepiction
Case report
Histology: highgrade urothelcarcinoma
highgrade (Anglicism)
WSurinaryo+CV WStissue WScancerP
G3: Grading
T2, N0, M0: Staging
Akronym:TNM-Tumorclassification:
Tumor,
Nodi lymph: lymphatic knots,
Metastasis)
Neither biomedical nomenclature
nor the Tibetan anatomical
vocabulary are uniform in
themselves. Sometimes names are
rather metaphorical, already in
Latin, in other cases they are more
topographical (positional relation).
Case report
Therapy:
polychemotherapy
polychemotherapy
cystectomy
bladder removal
with creation of
ileo-neobladder
final part of small intestine: new bladder
The left atrio-ventrikular
(topographical describtion) heart
valve has two biomedically
established Synonyms: valva
mitralis as well as valva
bicuspidalis.(metaphorical
describtion)
Metonyms
The former is called valva mitralis because
it looks like a "mitre", the Bishop's cap,
deriving "via notion of joining of the two
peaks of the folded cap"
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?searchmode=none&search=miter
The second name, valva bicuspidalis, is
derived from "two sails" (latin: bi cuspides)
Which answer is wrong?
0 Eponyms contain personal names and a definiton.
0 Akronyms are abbreviated words, often a combination
of the first letter of long form explanation.
0 Synonyms are terms of the same, antonyms of opposite
meaning.
0 Metonyms are derived from anorganic chemistry
important for pharmacology.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitralklappe
Which answer is wrong?
0 Eponyms contain personal names and a definiton.
0 Akronyms are abbreviated words, often a
combination of the first letter of long form
explanation.
0 Synonyms are terms of the same, antonyms of
opposite
meaning.
0 Metonyms are derived from anorganic chemistry
important for pharmacology.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Eustachian tube is an eponym for an anatomical
structure.
0 AIDS is an akronyms for Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome.
0 “Anterior and posterior“ are synonyms for the bodily
directions locations.
0 The „valva mitralis is an metonym for a certain heart
valve deriving from a bishops cap.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Eustachian tube is an eponym for an anatomical
structure.
0 AIDS is an akronyms for Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome.
0 “Anterior and posterior“ are synonyms for the bodily
directions locations.
0 The „valva mitralis is an metonym for a certain heart
valve deriving from a bishops cap.
Which answer is right?
0 Medical terminology is based on a mixture of
different languages.
0 Words of Latin origin indicate clinical, functional,
quantitive.
0 Words of Greek origin are use in anatomical,
histological, pathological names.
0 English and German words should be avoided in
discharge papers.
Which answer is right?
0 Medical terminology is based on a mixture of
different languages.
0 Words of Latin origin indicate mainly clinical,
functional and quantitive aspects.
0 Words of Greek origin are mainly in use in
anatomical, histological, pathological names.
0 English and German words should be avoided in
discharge papers.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Word stem is always in Latin.
0 Prefix is followed by a connecting vowel and a word
stem.
0 The connecting vowel is usually an „o“, has no meaning
and is omitted in case of following vowels.
0 Suffixes follow the word stem and specifies ist
meaning.
Which answer is wrong?
Medical Systems across Eurasia
0 Word stem is always in Latin.
0 Prefix is followed by a connecting vowel and a word
stem.
0 The connecting vowel is usually an „o“, has no meaning
and is omitted in case of following vowels.
0 Suffixes follow the word stem and specifies ist
meaning.
Medical Systems across Eurasia
Schamanism, Bonesetting etc.
l
Lineage healers, family traditions
schamanism, bonesetting etc.
humoral pathology
solidar pathology
cellular pathology
molecular pathology
Galenos of Pergamon
129-~217 ?
studied in Alexandria, surgeon at Olympic games and
gladiator fights
main treatise: Methodi medendi.
Humoral Pathology
reorganized ancient Greek humoral pathology and anatomy
Bycantine Medicine, Unani + Arabic Medicine,
Ayurveda, Tibetan Medicine, TCM, etc.
his systematised work was translated in the early middle age
by Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq (808–873) into Arabic.
l
written sources, institutions
his theses where taught in Europe until modern times.
Avicenna
Ibn Sina 972-1036
l
Canon of medicine
Kitab al Quanun fi l tibb
l
basis of monastic medicine in Europe, near and
middle east, Unani medicine in India
Three Principles of Ayurveda and
Tibetan Medicine
Ayurveda
Kapha – Pitta – Vata
Phlegm – Bile – Wind
Tibetan Medicine
bad kan – mkhris pa – rlung
When Unani Medicine came to India the
principles of Ayurveda have been formed and
influenced Tibetan medicine
Basic ideas, especially the materia medica,
had to be adapted to climatic, geografical or
cultural conditions
Solidar Pathology
Physiological and pathological thinking became
more morphological and structural oriented.
Diseases are associated with threedimensional figures: meaning "a solid
substance“. Certain body parts are in the
focus in contrast to circulating humors. Solidar
and humoral thinking is frequently coexisting.
Cellular Pathology
Molecular Pathology
In the 19th century diseases
where regarded as dysfunctions of
body cells. Cytopathology is a
special form used in cancer
diagnostics.
studies diseases through the
examination of molecules within
organs, tissues or bodily fluids.
It is multi-disciplinary in nature and
focuses mainly on the submicroscopic aspects of disease.
fields in Tibetan medicine
clinical biomedical fields
body (lus)
children (byis pa)
women diseases (mo nad)
demon (gdon)
weapons (wounds) (mtshon)
poisons (dug)
age (rgas ba)
fertility (ro tsa)
general medicine
internal medicine
pediatrics
dermatology
psychiatry
neurology
physical medicine/ therapy
radiology
nuclearmedicine
anesthesy/ intensive care
clinical pathology
laboratory medicine
surgery
orthopedy
urology
gynecology/obstetrics
ear, nose and throat
medicine
ophtalmology
psychosomatics
examples for specialiced fields of
internal medicine
examples for specialiced fields of
surgery
cardiology
nephrology
endocrinology and diabetology
gastroenterology and hepatolgy
rheumatology
hematology and oncology
general and visceralgeneral and vascularthoraxpaediatric and adolescent transplantationtraumaplastic-
nonclinical and theoretical
medical fields
anatomy / histology
biochemistry / physiology
genetics/molecular biology
pathology
laboratory medicine / microbiology
pharmacology
social medicine/epidemiology