Download Περίληψη : Χρονολόγηση Γεωγραφικός εντοπισμός

IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Rakova Snezhana
(γλωσσ.επιμ. αγγλ.) Lees
Christopher
Για παραπομπή :
Rakova Snezhana , "Constantinople in Latin period",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11723>
Μετάφραση :
Rakova S. ,
Kaisheva Radmila ,
Περίληψη :
Latin empire in Constantinople existed for 57 years – since the conquest of the city on 13 April 1204 until 25 July 1261. During the short lived reign
over Byzantine territories and over its very capital the Latins introduced many changes but at the same time kept some of the traditions of Byzantine
rule. No significant construction and urbanization activities were carried out in Constantinople. After 1230, the Latin empire enters a period of
continuous decline and the gradual.
Χρονολόγηση
1204-1261
Γεωγραφικός εντοπισμός
Constantinople
1. Τhe Latin Empire of Constantinople
1.1. Partitio Romaniae
The Latin Empire in Constantinople was founded after the fall of the City to the army of the crusaders of the Forth
Crusade. It consisted mainly of west European knights (from Flanders, Burgundy and the German lands) and Venetians, who participated with their fleet and were under the orders of their Doge Enrico Dandolo (1192‑1205). Long before the ultimate conquest of the city the crusaders (west European knights and Venetians) entered into an agreement (Partitio Romaniae) on the subsequent division of the territories of the Byzantine Empire. It stipulated that 3/8 of the city and of the conquered Byzantine territories were to be under the rule of Venice and its doge. The newly elected Emperor was entitled to ¼ of the city and the territories of Byzantium. Among the other provisions of the agreement, which defined the future organisation of the Latin empire, the following were important: (a) the manner in which the emperor was to be elected – by a council of 12 people, with equal number of representatives from the Venetians and the knights; (b) the party which would not choose the emperor was given the right to choose the Latin patriarch in Constantinople; (c) a committee of 24 people from both parties distributed the fiefs (they were absolute and free property, inheritable in the male and female line of descent) afterwards; (d) enemies of Venice were not admitted within the boundaries of the Empire in times of war and the Doge was not to swear allegiance to the emperor. This agreement continued after the conquest of the city in autumn 1204, and it specifically defined which territories belonged to whom of the leaders of the crusade.1 1.2. The fall of Constantinople and the distribution of the spoils
The siege of the city lasted from June 1203 to 12 April 1204. During that time fires were ignited three times and they caused big damages, especially in the trade quarters around the Golden Horn, including the centre of the town in close proximity to Hagia Sophia and the palaces.2 The fall of Constantinople itself is described in detail by a lot of contemporary Byzantine authors (most notably by Niketas Choniates)3 and by crusaders (Geoffroi de Villehardouin,4 Robert de Clary5 ). We learn from them that after the conquest and the initial pillage, which lasted for three days, the spoils were piled in three churches and then distributed among crusaders. They consisted mainly of objects of great value –church vessels made of gold and silver– as well as of works of art, fabrics, and precious stones. Their value amounted to around 400,000 silver marks. From this sum – 50,000 were paid to the Venetians, pursuant a Δημιουργήθηκε στις 18/6/2017
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Rakova Snezhana
(γλωσσ.επιμ. αγγλ.) Lees
Christopher
Για παραπομπή :
Rakova Snezhana , "Constantinople in Latin period",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11723>
Μετάφραση :
Rakova S. ,
Kaisheva Radmila ,
preliminary contract (according to Geoffroi de Villehardouin).6 The rest of it was distributed among the knights and the Venetians. The number of the knights is uncertain – it is accepted that they were approximately around 35,000, and the Venetians were 17,000. The sack of the city and the destruction of its monuments continued in the following months. Niketas Choniates tells in a separate account, added at the end of his history, about the smelting and the destruction of the numerous bronze statues located near the Hippodrome and the city’s squares, as well as about the stealing of architectural and construction elements.7 The relics kept in the numerous churches of Constantinople were of the greatest value. Priceless relics were loaded into ships and sent to the West (the Mandylion, a piece of the True Cross, parts of the thorn‑wreath of Christ, relics of saints, among which those of St Athanasius, St. Simon, etc.); so did icons, consecrated chalices and church vessels made of gold and silver, parts of mosaics, marble columns, statues (among which were the famous horses adorning the façade of Saint Marc at Venice), expensive fabrics and clothes, even slaves and cattle. The transfer of these riches to Venice, Paris and other cities of Western Europe continued during the following years, though to a smaller extent. In 1238, under Baldwin II, the empress mother pawned the thorn‑wreath to the Venetian podestà Alberto Morosini for the sum of 13,134 hyperpera. It was redeemed by the French King Louis IX the Saint together with other relics from the church of Theotokos of Pharos in Constantinople, and they were taken to the Sainte Chapelle in Paris; some of them were later transferred in the treasury of Notre Dame de Paris. 1.3. Latin emperors
The emperors of the Latin Empire followed the traditions of the Byzantine imperial ceremonial and were crowned in the St. Sofia church. Some of the basic insignia of power were also borrowed from Byzantium. Titulature for feudal lords were also changed under the influence of the Byzantine system (for example “despotes”). Emperors also founded their chancellery which used Latin, but the official documents followed the pattern of Byzantine charters. In some area of state administration like coin minting, tax and fiscal legislation the Byzantine model was also followed.
The first Latin emperor Baldwin, count of Flanders was crowned on 16 May 1204, although Boniface, marquis of Montferrat came to the fore during the crusade. Some late Venetians sources tell that a pretender for the throne was Dandolo himself. Baldwin І was young and had the trust of the army but his reign was short‑lived. In 1205 or 1206 death found him in Bulgarian captivity, after his defeat by the Bulgarians at the decisive battle at Adrianople in April 1205, less than a year after his coronation. For a comparatively long period of time, the Empire was governed by his brother Henry, count of Flanders and subsequent crowned emperor; he was succeeded by Robert of Courtenay, the husband of their sister Yolande. These emperors with unremarkable deeds and short‑lived power could hardly sustain the existence of the Latin empire, which lacked its own army and fleet, and relied entirely on support from Venice, which in its turn had actively begun to build its own colonial empire and started to conquer islands, cities and territories. 2. Distribution of palaces, churches and the territory of the city. Demographic changes
The first Latin emperor Baldwin was accommodated in the Boukoleon palace (according to Villehardouin8 and Clary9 ), and the palace in Blachernai was occupied by his brother Henry. The Great Palace had remained empty and neglected. Niceophore Gregoras gives an account of its deplorable state in 1261.10 Hagia Sofia became the see of the Δημιουργήθηκε στις 18/6/2017
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Rakova Snezhana
(γλωσσ.επιμ. αγγλ.) Lees
Christopher
Για παραπομπή :
Rakova Snezhana , "Constantinople in Latin period",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11723>
Μετάφραση :
Rakova S. ,
Kaisheva Radmila ,
Latin patriarch who was the Venetian Tommaso Morosini. By the order of Pope Innocent III, he appointed many priests who acknowledged the primacy of the pope despite the fact that a lot of churches and monasteries kept their Orthodox priests. Hagia Sofia had Venetian clergymen and was under their rule. Of the remaining Constantinople churches the following went under the control of Catholic priests: Holy Apostles, St. George, the Pantokrator monastery (belonging to the Venetians), Virgin Mary of Blachernai and many other churches, a total of about 50. Around 30 churches were given to Baldwin, plus several others which were given to the Pisans. Papal legates (first of them was Benoit cardinal of St. Susana) donated churches and monasteries to various religious orders: the Hospitallers (St. Samson), the Benedictines (St. Mary of Virgiotis). The Franciscans took over the Virgin Kyriotissa church (modern day Kalenderhane camii) at some point after 1220. Fragments of frescoes and scenes from the life of St. Francis, made by a Western artist have been preserved and uncovered.11 Despite all the efforts the church fell into decline in the course of time and in 1261 it had to be totally renovated.
At the time of the Latin empire a great part of the Greek population of the city migrated from it at the expense of the knights, the merchants and ordinary people coming from the West in search of fortune and living. The general state of the city was that of desertion and decline and it lost its lustre as a capital. There was no strong imperial power and aristocratic class which could play the role of patrons and donors to the ecclesiastic and the secular institutions of the city.
3. Venetian rule of the city
The Venetians were given the most important part of the city – between Mese, the main street, and the Golden Horn. The Monastery of Christ Pantocrator became the seat of their power. The death of the Doge Enrico Dandolo (buried in Hagia Sophia), who was quite old at that time, came shortly after the ill fated battle of Adrianople in April 1205. Moderator of the Venetians became podestà Marino Zeno. He acted as an equal to the Latin emperor and they signed jointly documents and agreements in red ink. He even entered into independent agreements in the third decade of the ХІІІ c. The council, established by the emperor, included 12 people – six from the Venetians and six from the barons. This was the highest consultative body of the new power. The Podestà (this title was into effect until 1261) had political, military and judicial functions. There is evidence that the first podestà carried out construction works in the city. The Venetians extended their power not only to their former trade quarter but beyond it as well thus making it considerably bigger.12 In addition to this the podestà made huge donations to the Venetian patriarch in Grado and to other churches and monasteries in Venice. Thus for example the ship wharves on the Golden Horn and the fishing wharves were granted to San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice. The Venetians – having already become moderators of a considerable part of the city conducted vigorous trade activity. At the time of the Latin empire they became the ultimate rulers of the Eastern Mediterranean.
1. Thomas G., Tafel G., Urkunden zur älteren Handels- und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig mit besonderer Beziehung auf Byzanz und die
Levante. 1. Theil (814-1205) (Wien 1856, repr. Amsterdam 1964), pp. 445-452; Carile, A., "Partitio terrarium imperii Romanie", Studi veneziani 7 (1965),
pp. 125-305.
2. Madden, T. F., “The Fires of the Fourth Crusade in Constantinople, 1203–1204: A Damage Assessment,” Byzantinische Zeitschrift 84/85 (1991–92),
pp. 72–93. – see map on р. 93.
3. O City of Byzantium. Annals of Niketas Choniates, (ed.) H.G. Magoulias (Detroit 1984), pp. 311-320.
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Rakova Snezhana
(γλωσσ.επιμ. αγγλ.) Lees
Christopher
Για παραπομπή :
Rakova Snezhana , "Constantinople in Latin period",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11723>
Μετάφραση :
Rakova S. ,
Kaisheva Radmila ,
4. Villehardouin, La Conquête de Constantinople (ed.) E. Faral (Paris 1939), vol II, § 232-251.
5. Robert de Clary, La prise de Constantinople (ed.) Ch. Hopf, Chroniques gréco-romaines inedites ou peu connues (Berlin 1873), pp. 1-85.
6. Villehardouin, La Conquête de Constantinople (ed.) E. Faral (Paris 1939), vol II, § 254.
7. O City of Byzantium. Annals of Niketas Choniates, (ed.) H.G. Magoulias (Detroit 1984), pp. 321-355 (p. 327 “They sent gates of the City to their
fellow country men in Syria, as well as pieces of the chain that had been stretched across the harbor blocking its entrance, and the dispatched
messengers everywhere to announce the city’s fall”).
8. Villehardouin, La Conquête de Constantinople (ed.) E. Faral (Paris 1939), vol II § 263.
9. Robert de Clary, La prise de Constantinople (ed.) Ch. Hopf, Chroniques gréco-romaines inedites ou peu connues (Berlin 1873), pp. 73.
10. Nicephori Gregorae Historia Byzantina, vol. I, Shopen, L. (ed.), Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (Bonnae 1829), liber IV.2.6, p. 87 - line
22-23.
11. Striker, C.L. - Kuban, Y.D. (eds), Kalenderhane Camii in Istanbul: The Buildings, their History, Architecture and Decoration (Mainz 1997), pp.
128-42. Jacoby, D., "The Urban Evolution of Latin Constantinople (1204-1261)" in Byzantine Constantinople: Monuments, Topography and Everyday
Life (ed.) N. Negipoglu (Leiden-Boston-Köln 2001), p. 289.
12. Jacoby, D., "The Urban Evolution of Latin Constantinople (1204-1261)" in Byzantine Constantinople: Monuments, Topography and Everyday
Life (ed.) N. Negipoglu (Leiden-Boston-Köln 2001), pp. 277-297.
Βιβλιογραφία :
Νικηφόρος Γρηγοράς, Ρωμαϊκής Ιστορίας Λόγοι, Shopen, L. (ed.), Nicephori Gregorae Historia
Byzantina 1-3, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1829-1855
Lognon J., L’Empire latin de Constantinople et la principauté de Morée, London 1949
Thomas G., Tafel G., Urkunden zur älteren Handels- und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig mit
besonderer Beziehung auf Byzanz und die Levante. 1. Theil (814-1205), Wien 1856 (repr. Amsterdam
1964)
Stahl A., "Coinage and Money in the Latin Empire of Constantinople", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55, 2001,
197-206
Jacoby D., "The Venetian presence in the Latin Empire of Constantinople", Jahrbuch der Österreichischen
byzantinistik, 43, 1993, 141-201
Robbert L.B., "Rialto businessmen and Constantinople 1204-1261", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 49, 1995,
43-58
Jacoby D., "The Urban Evolution of Latin Constantinople (1204-1261)", Necipoğlou, N. (ed.), Byzantine
Constantinople. Monuments, Topography and Everyday, Leiden – Boston – Köln 2001
Janin R., "Les sanctuaries de Byzance", Etudes Byzantines, III, 1944, 134-184
Hendrickx B., Regestes des empereurs latins de Constantinople (1204-1261/1272), Θεσσαλονίκη 1988
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Rakova Snezhana
(γλωσσ.επιμ. αγγλ.) Lees
Christopher
Για παραπομπή :
Rakova Snezhana , "Constantinople in Latin period",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11723>
Μετάφραση :
Rakova S. ,
Kaisheva Radmila ,
Wolf R.L., The Latin Empire of Constantinople, London 1976
Wolf R.L., Studies in the Latin Empire of Constantinople, London 1978
Carile A., Per una storia dell’Impero latino di Costantinopoli, Bologna 1978
Madden Th. F., Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice, Baltimore 2003
Carile A., "La cancelleria sovrana dell’impero Latino di Costantinopoli (1204-1261)", Studi Veneziani, 2,
1978, 37-97
Carile A., "Partitio terrarium imperii Romanie", Studi Veneziani, 7, 1965, 125-305
Madden Th. F., "The Fires of the Fourth Crusade in Constantinople, 1203–1204: A Damage Assessment",
Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 84/85, 1991-1992, 72-93
Balard M., Les Latins en Orient XIe-XVe siècle, Paris 2006
Magdalino P., "Medieval Constantinople: Built Environment and Urban Development", Laiou, A. (ed.), The
Economic History of Byzantium from the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century 2, Washington, D.C.
2002, 529-537
Angelov D., "Byzantine ideological reactions to the Latin conquest of Constantinople", Laiou A. (ed.), Urbs
Capta. The Fourth Crusade and its cosequences, Paris 2005, Réalités Byzantines 10, 293-310
Jacoby D., "The economy of Latin Constantinople", Laiou A. (ed.), Urbs Capta. The Fourth Crusade and
its cosequences, Paris 2005, Réalités Byzantines 10, 195-214
Δικτυογραφία :
Il sacco di Constantinopoli nel 1204 e il bottino veneziano
http://www.porphyra.it/?p=165
Medieval Sourcebook: Nicetas Choniates: The Sack of Constantinople (1204)
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/choniates1.html
Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of
Constantinople
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/villehardouin.html
O City of Byzantium Annals of Niketas Choniates
http://books.google.gr/books?id=O8arrZPM8moC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPP1,M1
The Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204-1261)
http://www.ime.gr/chronos/projects/fragokratia/en/webpages/konstant.html
Γλωσσάριo :
despotes
Title introduced in the 12th century. In administrative hierarchy, the office of despotes was under the emperor and the co‑
emperor. From the 14th century onwards, the title was given to the governors of the Byzantine Peloponnese.
hyperpyron
The Byzantine gold coin, 4.3 gr. and 20 ½ carats, introduced by Alexios I Komnenos in 1092. It was preserved until the end of the
Byzantine Empire with big changes in his cold content.
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Rakova Snezhana
(γλωσσ.επιμ. αγγλ.) Lees
Christopher
Για παραπομπή :
Rakova Snezhana , "Constantinople in Latin period",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11723>
Μετάφραση :
Rakova S. ,
Kaisheva Radmila ,
Partitio Romaniae
The document of the treaty signed by the Latins of the IV Crusade (twelve Venetians and twelve Francs) between the 12th april and the 9th may of
the year 1204. According to the text the Latin Empire of Constantinople was founded and the territories of the Byzantine Empire were divided among
the Venetians and the Francs.
podesta or potesta
(lat. Potestas – power): name given to certain high officials in many Italian cities. The podesta was also:
a) governor of the Venetian sector of the Latin Empire of Constantinople.
b) head of the Genoese City Hall (14th-15th centuries) , governor in the Genoese acquisitions of Romania (Galata and Chios).
c) Lombard magistrate in Euboea.
Παραθέματα
The demographic decline of the city:
The sieges, the fighting, the fires and the Latin sack soon after the conquest inflicted severe material damage upon extensive sections of Constantinople, yet most of the urban territory was spared, especially areas with low population density. The events of 1203‑1204 also caused a massive exodus of Greek population. The contraction of the urban economy contributed to the continuation of this outward flow in the following years, though on a smaller scale. these demographic losses were not compensated by the fairly low rate of Latin immigration that began in 1204. Jacoby D., ʺThe Urban Evolution of Latin Constantinople (1204‑1261)ʺ, in Necipoğlou, N. (ed.), Byzantine Constantinople. Monuments,
Topography and Everyday (Leiden – Boston – Köln 2001), p. 280. The state of the Italian commercial colonies:
In the twelfth century, Latins and Greeks involved in economic activities linked to maritime trade concentrated mainly in the area extending along the Golden Horn. This was also the case in the Latin period, but the events of 1203‑124 resulted in some important developments in thta urban area. The Genoese quarter did not suffer from fires or fighting, yet it would seem that the tense relations between Genoa and Venice, the dominant maritime power in Latin Constantinople, prevented the return of that quarterʹs former residents and severely restricted economic activity within its boundaries. In any event, it ceased to be an autonomous area, despite four agreements concluded from 1218 to 1251 between Genoa and Venice. Genoese trade in Constantinpole appears to have resumed only after the treaty of 1232, and while there may have been some Genoese settlers before 1261, these were dispersed throughout the city. The autonomous Pisan quarter survived after the conquest. Yet the heavy damage it had suffered in August 1203 must have severely limited the resettlement of its former residents, prevented any later population growth and restricted its economic activity. [...] The decline of the Genoese and Pisan quarters after 1204 were among the factors that generated a shift in favor of Veniceʹs ancient quarter, which became the hub of economic activity and apparently one of teh most dense occupied areas of Constantinople. Jacoby D., ʺThe Urban Evolution of Latin Constantinople (1204‑1261)ʺ, in Necipoğlou, N. (ed.), Byzantine Constantinople. Monuments,
Topography and Everyday (Leiden – Boston – Köln 2001), p. 283. The deterioration of the ecclesiastical structures:
The state of the ecclesiastical buildings in Latin Constantinople depended upon factors other than those affecting private ones. It is impossible to determine prcisely how many Greek institutions were destroyed by the fires of 1203‑1204, abandoned later or taken over by the Latins until 1261. In any event, the economic condition of most urban churches and monsteries, whether in Greek or Latin hands, deteriorated substantially as a result of the conquest. Many of them were deprived of the revenue previously accuring from their widely scattered provincial estates, either because these were situated after 1204 in Byzantine territory or had been confiscated by Latin lords, as agreed between the crusader leaders and the Doge, Enrico Dandolo. Popes Innocent III and Honorius III urged the Latin emperors and Venice to indemnify the churches and monasteries for their losses. A financial settlement was eventually reached in 1223, by which laymen were to provide an eleventh of their income to these institutions. In Constantinople, however, the patriarch was the only beneficiary of that agreement.
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Rakova Snezhana
(γλωσσ.επιμ. αγγλ.) Lees
Christopher
Για παραπομπή :
Rakova Snezhana , "Constantinople in Latin period",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11723>
Μετάφραση :
Rakova S. ,
Kaisheva Radmila ,
Jacoby D., ʺThe Urban Evolution of Latin Constantinople (1204‑1261)ʺ, in Necipoğlou, N. (ed.), Byzantine Constantinople. Monuments,
Topography and Everyday (Leiden – Boston – Köln 2001), p. 285. Βοηθ. Κατάλογοι
Latin Emperors of Constantinople:
Baldwin I, count of Flandres and Hainaut (1204–1205) Henry of Flandres and Hainaut (1206–1216), his brother Peter of Courtenay (1217), husband of Yolande
Yolande (1217–1219), sister of the first two emperors Robert I Courtenay (1219–1228), crowned 1221, son of Yolande Baldwin II (1228–1261), crowned 1240, his brother (died 1273); Jean of Brienne, emperor regent (1229–1237), his father‑in‑law Δημιουργήθηκε στις 18/6/2017
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