Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
19th Century National Trends 1820’s -1860’s During the 1st half of the 19th Century, the United States extended the franchise, experienced the Jacksonian Era, experienced westward expansion through movement and war, saw the rise of sectional interests, and also experienced the increased participation in state and national politics through reform and a national crisis. 1 Three Major Topics Part I: Changes in political democracy following the War of 1812. Part II: 19th Century Territorial Expansion Part III: 19th Century Reform and Crisis 2 The Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall Marbury v. Madison= established the principle of Judicial Review. McCulloch v. Maryland= The court ruled that Maryland or any state does not have the power to tax a federal agency or any federal property. This also established the doctrine of implied powers of Congress and upheld the Bank of the United States. Gibbons v. Ogden = the Court strengthened powers of Congress and the Federal government to regulate the economy and interstate commerce. 3 Presidential Election of 1824 Republican Party was split with four men seeking to succeed James Monroe. 1. Henry Clay 2. John Quincy Adams 3. William Crawford 4. Andrew Jackson 4 “Corrupt Bargain”-election of 1824 Jackson received the popular vote and the most electoral votes, but did not have a majority. Election was decided in the House of Representatives. Clay gave his support to Adams, and John Quincy Adams became the President. When, Clay was named Secretary of State, Jackson supporters accused Adams and Clay of making a “corrupt bargain.” 5 6 7 Election of 1828 Jackson , “Old Hickory” and his followers called themselves the Democratic Republicans ( later – “Democrats”) and began an aggressive campaign for the election of 1828. Jackson personified a new “democratic spirit” in America. He challenged the economic elite and promised the end of aristocratic rule. 8 Jackson- President in 1828 Jackson won a landslide victory in 1828. Age of the Common Man- Changes in voting: new states had provided universal white male suffrage, old states withdrew property qualifications, and for the first time-delegates from states selected candidates for President at nominating conventions. 9 Age of the Common Man For the first time in American politics, the average person felt they had a say in their government. Thousands of frontiersmen swarmed to DC for the inauguration of Jackson. 10 Jacksonian Democracy When Jackson became President in 1829, he employed the “spoils system” : he removed aristocratic government employees from public government jobs and replaced them with his campaign supporters. 11 This was a political cartoon representing the Spoils System as employed by Andrew Jackson. 12 During this time, the Federalist Party disappeared and new political parties, the Whigs and the Know-Nothings, were organized in opposition to the Democratic Party. 13 1. What four candidates ran for the Presidency in 1824? 2. Who became President in 1824? 3. Why did supporters of Jackson call the Presidential election of 1824 the “Corrupt Bargain?” 14 4. Who was elected President in 1828? 5. In regard to changes in voting, why was the election of 1828 called the Age of the Common Man? 6. What was the Spoils System? 15 Indian Removal Act In 1830, at Jackson’s request, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act: It required the removal of Southeastern Indians from their homelands to the new Indian Territory west of the Mississippi, or present day Oklahoma. 16 From 1830 to 1838, almost all Indian Tribes were forced from the Atlantic Coast areas to Oklahoma or other reservations. Most were known as the “Five Civilized Tribes”- Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. The forced journey of over 15,000 Cherokees in 1838, in which over one fourth died of hardship, disease, sickness, and starvation, is known as the Trail of Tears. 17 Trail of Tears 18 Routes to Oklahoma 19 7. What was the main provision of the Indian Removal Act of 1830? 8. What was the Trail of Tears? 20 Bank War Jackson also opposed the Bank of the United States ( BUS) When the Bank came up for recharter in 1832, Jackson used Presidential veto power to veto the recharter bill. This was the first time a President used the veto power to veto a bill not based on constitutional grounds. Thus, from then on, a President had the right to veto any legislation for any reason. 21 When Jackson also won an overwhelming victory in 1832 against the National Republican Party (later the Whig Party), he took it as a sign to completely destroy the BUS. He withdrew all federal funds from the BUS and deposited them in state banks. 22 Panic of 1837 However, reckless land speculation, state bank failures, dissatisfaction with state banks as depositories for federal funds, and unemployment led to an economic depression in 1837, known as the Panic of 1837. In addition, Jackson issued an executive order, the “specie circular”, requiring any payment for public lands must be in gold or silver, or in currency backed by gold or silver. This contributed to the economic depression, which lasted for about five years, the worst in US History up to that time. 23 Because Jackson acted as a strong executive President, enemies of Jackson began to call him “King Andrew” Look for negative characteristics. 24 What does this picture represent? 25 Issues Dividing America Sectional tensions were caused by competing economic interests: The West and Northeast supported high tariffs – the US government would use the money to pay for internal improvements in the West and high tariff would protect Northeastern manufactures. The South opposed high tariffs, because they wanted cheaper imports and could sell cotton abroad. 26 A declining economy in South Carolina led many Carolinians to blame their problems on the Tariff of 1828-they called the unfair tariff the “Tariff of abominations” When the newly proposed Tariff of 1832 offered South Carolina no relief, South Carolina voted to nullify the tariff, or refuse to collect the required duties in the state, and threatened to leave the Union. 27 Jackson claimed the “nullification” of federal laws was treason. Jackson sent federal troops to forts in SC and a warship to Charleston. Violence seemed possible! Finally, the crisis was averted with a compromise that tariffs would gradually be reduced. 28 Martin Van Buren When Jackson’s hand picked successor, Martin Van Buren, won the Presidential election of 1836; the nation faced an economic crisis – The Panic of 1837. Van Buren did little to solve the problem. 29 Election of 1840- election of William Henry Harrison A new political party, the Whigs, selected the popular William Henry Harrison as their candidate for President. Harrison defeated Van Buren, as people hoped he could end the depression. However, Harrison died after one month in office. The VP, John Tyler became President. End – Part One 30 9. How did Jackson eventually destroy the Bank of the United States (BUS)? 10. Why did opponents of Jackson call him King Andrew? 11. What was the nullification crisis? 12. What caused the Panic of 1837? 31 13. What Supreme Court case strengthened the powers of Congress and the federal government to regulate the economy and interstate commerce? 14. What Supreme Court case established the principle of Judicial Review or that the Supreme Court has the authority to determine if state or federal laws are constitutional or not? 15. What Supreme Court case established the doctrine of implied powers confirming the implied powers of Congress? 32 Part 2: Westward Expansion 33 19th Century Territorial Expansion Part Two During the first half of the 19th century, Americans poured westward into the Midwest, Southwest, and Texas. 34 In 1823, Jedediah Smith discovered the South Pass through the Rockies to Oregon. By, 1850, over 4,000 settlers had migrated west over the Oregon Trail to the Willamette Valley in Oregon. Conestoga Wagon 35 1825, The Erie Canal also supported westward expansion and industrial growth. Robert Fulton’s steamboat would revolutionize water transportation. Railroads were quickly developing, mostly in the North. The invention of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin led to the spread of the slavery based “cotton kingdom” in the Deep South. Cotton Engine – “Cotton Gin” Separated cotton seed from cotton. 36 1820- 1860 Cotton Production 37 In 1821, Mexico obtained its independence from Spain. American traders established the Santa Fe Trail. American traders and shipping companies also established trade routes with the Californios (Spanish speaking citizens of California) 38 Texas – The Lone Star State In Texas, Mexicans had encouraged American immigration to help develop the economy. Alarmed by the growing number of Americans, Mexico prohibited immigration into Texas in 1830. In 1836, Texans led by Sam Houston and Stephen Austin declared their independence from Mexico. 39 Texas Independence Battle at the Alamo- San Antonio, Texas1836, a band of Texans defending the Alamo are defeated by a vastly superior Mexican Army led by Santa Anna. 40 The Alamo 41 “Remember the Alamo” In April 21, 1836- Americans led by Sam Houston defeat Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto Texas is granted independence from Mexico and becomes an independent Republic. 42 Republic of Texas 43 In the Presidential Election of 1844, James K. Polk campaigns on adding Texas, Oregon and California to the Union. This expansion view is called “Manifest Destiny”, that it was God’s destiny for the US to occupy lands from the Atlantic to Pacific. 1845- Texas annexed, 1846-Oregon annexed (49th parallel) 44 Manifest Destiny 45 Mexican War 1846-1848 Mexican War- disagreement over the border between Mexico and the US ( Rio Grande ), leads to a war with Mexico. US Forces occupy California and declare the “Bear Flag” Republic and invade Mexico. The American victory over Mexico was settled in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . The new US territory called the Mexican Cession- it included the present day states of California, Nevada, Arizona , New Mexico and parts of Utah, Wyoming and Colorado- 15 million was also paid to Mexico. 46 The Gadsden Purchase- in 1853 the US purchases additional land from Mexico, adding more land to the southern border of the Mexican Cession. 47 Territorial Expansion 48 1844- Mormons led by their founder Joseph Smith, and later Brigham Young settle in Salt Lake, Utah. 1849- Gold is discovered in California, which leads to the San Francisco Gold Rush of 1849, ( called the forty niners) 49 Trails West 50 19th Century Expansion 51 Part Two Questions 1. What invention by Eli Whitney led to the spread of slavery and the cotton kingdom in the Deep South? 2. What two men led the movement for Texas independence from Mexico? 3. What is the name of the battle during the American migration into Texas which resulted in the Texans fighting to the last man against a vastly superior force? 4. Which battle eventually resulted in the Texans’ victory over Mexican forces and subsequently brought Texas into the United States? 52 5. Define “Manifest Destiny”. 6. What was the name of the trail that led to Willamette Valley? 7. Where did the Mormons eventually settle? 8. What present day states would eventually come from the Mexican Cession? 9. Which term describes the gold seekers that travelled to San Francisco? 10. What are the years of the Mexican War? 53 19th Century Reform and Crisis Part 3 The first half of the nineteenth century represented the women’s suffrage movement, abolition, social reform, states rights, and changes in literature and the arts. However, sectional differences would lead to the worst crisis in US History-The Civil War. 54 Women’s Rights 1st Women’s Right Convention- 1848 in Seneca Falls, NY.- developed the Seneca Falls Declaration which stated the need for women’s rights, including women’s suffrage. Women’s right’s movement was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Dorothea Dix- campaigned for women’s rights, care for the insane, and the poor. 55 Women’s Rights 56 Abolitionist Movement Many in the North began to see slavery as a violation of Christian principles, and began campaigns to end slavery. William Lloyd Garrison- began an anti-slavery newspaper called The Liberator. Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a best-selling novel about the horrors of slavery which inflamed the growing strength of abolitionism. 57 Frederick Douglass- An African American born into slavery, Douglass was a self taught influential leader in the underground railroad and the abolitionist movement. (During the Civil War, Douglass urged Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight for the Union Army) 58 1855- Douglass published My Bondage and My Freedom, which gave eloquent expression calling for an end to slavery. “… No man can put a chain about the ankle of his fellow man without at last finding the other end fastened about his own neck” 59 In Virginia, Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser led slave revolts. Slave revolts supported white Southern fears of slave rebellions, and led to harsher laws and punishments against fugitive slaves. 60 Sectional Crisis The addition of new states to the Union led to sectional and state conflicts regarding the issue of slavery. Compromises were made to maintain a balance of power in Congress. 61 Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 18501.California would be admitted as a free state. 2. New Mexico and Utah territories would be created without restrictions on slavery 3. Slave trade abolished in the District of Columbia 4. A new Fugitive Slave Law allowed slave owners to retake fugitive slaves and to fine or imprison anyone that helped fugitives. 62 Compromise of 1850 63 Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 : repealed the Missouri Compromise Slavery in Kansas and Nebraska would be decided by popular sovereignty. Resulted in bloody fighting in Kansas as pro-and anti-slavery forces fought each other. Kansas was called “Bloody Kansas” The Republican Party was formed as an antislave party. 64 65 Lincoln Douglas Debates -1858 Abraham Lincoln- the Republican candidate and Stephen Douglas- the Northern Democrat candidate conducted debates when running for the Senate in Illinois. Lincoln opposed the spread of slavery and Douglas favored popular sovereignty. 66 Candidates for the Illinois Senate - 1858: Abraham Lincoln Stephen A. Douglas 67 Douglas won the Senate seat, but Lincoln gained national attention with his House Divided Speech in which he stated: “… a house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved- but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other” 68 Supreme Court Decision Dred Scott Decision 1857- Scott v. Sanford Supreme Court ruled that: 1. Scott could not sue in the federal courts because he was not a citizen, just property. 2. Congress had no right to forbid slavery in the territories, it should be decided by settlers. Therefore, the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. 3. Basically set abolition back because any congressional action would be now be considered unconstitutional. 69 John Brown’s Raid – 1859 A Kansas raider and abolitionist, John Brown and eighteen followers raided the Federal Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in an attempt to gain weapons and arm slaves for a slave revolt. Brown was hanged for treason, but he became a martyr for the anti-slave movement in the North and a symbol of violence and hatred in the South. 70 Election of Abraham Lincoln The Election of 1860- 4 candidates Stephen Douglas-Northern Democrat, supported popular sovereignty John Breckenridge- Southern Democrat, supported protection of slavery Abraham Lincoln- Republican, supported limiting the extension of slavery John Bell- Constitution Union, favored compromise and moderation. 71 Lincoln won and a majority of the electoral vote, but received only 39% of the popular vote, and no votes from southern states. Mass hysteria swept through the South. Many felt Lincoln’s election would lead to the end of slavery and their economic and social ruin. The era of compromise would end and lead the nation into a bloody civil war. 72 Election of 1860 73 1. Where was the first Women’s Rights Convention? 2. What two women led the Women’s Rights movement? 3. What woman was instrumental in advocating women’s rights and care for the poor and insane? 4. Who published an anti-slavery newspaper called The Liberator? 5. What was the title and who wrote a novel about the horrors of slavery? 74 Identify the following: 1. Frederick Douglass- 2. Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser- 75 3. What were the 4 main provisions of the Compromise of 1850? 76 4.What were the two main provisions of the KansasNebraska Act of 1854? 5. What resulted in Kansas as a result of the KansasNebraska Act? 77 6. What was the result of the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision? 7. Why were abolitionists upset by the Dred Scott decision? 78 8. What abolitionist led a raid against the Federal Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry Virginia in 1859? 9. Who was elected President in 1860? 10. After the election of Abraham Lincoln as President in 1860, why did some southern states pull out of the union? 11. During Lincoln’s Senate campaign, what did he state regarding the future of the Union? 79 End 80