Download Body Systems

Name Answer Key
BioSci
Final Exam
Study Guide
Exam Date & Time:
Body Systems section due:
Evolution section due:
Genes/Chromosomes section due:
Meiosis/Genetics section due:
DNA section due:
Cellular respiration section due:
Body Systems
Match the body system to its function.
D
1. Skeletal system
a. make your heart beat & pump blood to your body
B
2. Nervous system
b. send signals to and from your brain
A
3. Circulatory system
c. release body waste
C
4. Excretory system
d. maintain the structure of your body
Evolution
Define the following terms:
5. Paleontologists:
Study fossils
6. Vestigial structure/appendage:
Structures that had a purpose at one point, but no longer do
7. Relative dating: Used to determine the age of fossils based on the rocks
8. Fossils: Relics or impressions of organisms of the past
9. Niche: The role an organism plays in its habitat
10. Convergent evolution: Similar species with no common ancestor (Birds butterflies bats)
11. Divergent evolution: Species from a common ancestor evolving farther apart (Finches)
12. Genetic drift: A change in a population’s allele frequency due to chance
13. Homologous structures: Similar structures/ body parts of other organisms
14. What is meant by the “diversity of life”? The large variety of organisms found on earth and the
process of evolution has produced the many different life forms on earth.
15. What is the name of Darwin’s book about evolution?
The origin of species
16. How do organisms become better suited to their environment?
Adaptations allowing for more successful fitness
17. Where is the best place to find fossils (what type of rock)?
Sedimentary
18. What happens when two species occupy the same niche in the same habitat?
The more efficient species will survive, reproduce and drive the less efficient species to extinction, or
the species may evolve further
19. What is Darwin’s theory of common descent?
If you look back far enough in time you will see that species have a shared or common ancestors
20. Early embryos of birds and reptiles look similar to each other in many ways. What does this say
about their ancestors?
They come from common ancestors
21. “Giraffes developed long necks because they wanted to be able to reach higher. “ Which scientist
that we studied may have proposed this theory?
Lamarck
22. “Giraffes developed long necks because those who could reach higher were better able to reach
food, therefore they survived more often than those who couldn’t.” Which scientist that we studied
may have proposed this theory?
Darwin
23. What is reproductive isolation?
Reproductive isolation prevents populations belonging to two different species from interbreeding.
Results in the formation of new species
24. What is true about the age of fossils toward the surface of the earth vs. those that are deeper?
The ones closer to the surface are younger. Farther down they are older
25. There are now bacteria that exist that are resistant to any type of medicine; they did not exist 20
years ago. How might you explain their existence (using vocab from class)?
The bacteria had to adapt to the medicine. The ones that were able to adapt would go on to survive
and reproduce, and the ones that could not would not survive. Eventually the bacteria would be able
to adapt to it.
26. What is fitness?
The physical traits and behaviors that enable organisms to survive and reproduce in their environment
27. What is an adaptation, and how does it relate to evolution?
Any inherited characteristic (physical or behavioral) that increases an animal’s or plant’s fitness for
survival, that then get passed on to their young.
Genes & Chromosomes
Define the following terms:
28. Linked genes: Genes that tend to be inherited together
29. Inbreeding:
Breeding among offspring
30. Incomplete dominance: Traits blend together
31. Codominance:
(Red and white =Pink)
Both aspects of the trait show (Spots, stripes)
32. Polygenic inheritance:
Multiple genes for a trait (hair color, skin color, height)
33. Sometimes linked genes don’t get inherited together. Why is that?
Crossing over in meiosis
34. Cross two roan cows. What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring?
RW X RW
1 Red 2 roan 1 white
35. A sex-linked gene is usually located on which chromosome?
Sex Chromosome (the X chromosome)
36. Why do males tend to have a higher rate of sex-linked disorders?
Since males only have one X chromosome, any gene on the X chromosome (even those that are recessive in
females) will be expressed in the male.
37. What type of sex chromosomes are found in male sperm?
X or Y
38. What 2 sex chromosomes do females have? Males?
Females:
XX
Males:
XY
39. Give an example of polygenic inheritance.
Skin color, Hair color, Height
40. What blood type is considered the Universal Donor?
O
41. What blood type is considered the Universal Recipient?
AB
Match the genotype to the blood type. You will use some answers twice.
42. IAIA
a. Type A
c. AB 43. IAIB
b. Type B
d. O
44. ii
c. Type AB
a. A
45. IAi
d. Type O
b. B
46. IBi
b. B
47. IBIB
a. A
48. What are the possible genotypes that would result from a cross between a man with blood type
IAIA and a woman with type IBi?
AB or A
Meiosis & Mendelian Genetics
Define the following terms:
49. Gamete:
Reproductive cell such as sperm and egg
50. Somatic cell:
Any cell other than sperm and egg
51. Independent assortment: Chromosomes assort independently allowing for genetic variation
52. Crossing over:
Exchange of genetic material in chromosomes allowing for genetic variation
Write the term that is described below.
53. The genetic makeup of an organism:
Genotype
54. The physical appearance of an organism:
Phenotype
55. A segment of DNA that controls a particular hereditary trait: Gene
56. An alternate form of a gene:
Allele
57. The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring:
58. Having two different alleles for a trait:
Heterozygous
59. Having two of the same alleles for a trait:
Homozygous
60. A cross involving one pair of contrasting traits (ex: Rr x rr):
Heredity
monohybrid
61. A cross involving two pairs of contrasting traits (ex: RrWw x RRWW): Dihybrid
62. A cross involving an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual:
Test cross
63. What type of cell goes through meiosis?
Sex cells
64. Meiosis begins with one diploid cell, and ends with
haploid
cells.
4 genetically Different
number
identical/different
diploid/haploid
65. In humans, each sperm or egg has
23
chromosomes.
number
66. What information do we get from Punnett squares?
They are used to determine all of the possible gamete combinations which can be inherited
67. If two F2 organisms are crossed, what generation would their offspring be?
F3
68. What is self-pollination?
Asexual reproduction (when a plant pollinates itself resulting in identical offspring)
69. Tall pea plants crossed with short pea plants produce all tall plants. Why is this?
Simple dominance
70. How is it possible for two parents with dominant phenotypes to have a child with a recessive
phenotype?
They have to be heterozygous
71. How do you represent dominant alleles when doing a Punnett square?
Capital letters
71. Cross two heterozygous crabs (big claws are dominant to small claws). What is the genotypic
ratio?
Bb X Bb 1 BB- 2 Bb- 1bb
72. In the above cross, what is the probability that an offspring will have big claws?
75%
73. In probability, why is it important to examine a large number of events (for example, flipping a coin
100 times instead of twice)?
Larger sample size gives greater accuracy
74. A cross between two crabs produced 32 crabs with big claws, and 9 with small claws. What are the
most likely genotypes of the parents?
Bb X Bb
75. If a family has 3 sons, what is the probability that the next child will be a boy?
50%
76. A dihybrid cross between a bird with the genotype ffrr and a bird with the genotype FFRR will
produce offspring with what genotype(s)?
77. How would you write the genotype for a colorblind male (regular vision is dominant)?
XrY
78. How would you write the genotype for a colorblind female?
XrXr
DNA
Match the description to the appropriate term.
D. Nucleotides
79. The building blocks of DNA and RNA.
A. double helix
E. Deoxyribose 80. The sugar found in DNA.
B. gene
B. Gene
C. amino acids
81. A pair of chromosomes that code for the same trait.
A. Double Helix 82. Spiral shape of DNA.
D. nucleotides
C. Amino Acids
E. deoxyribose
83. Monomers of proteins.
G. Rosalind Franklin 84. Took pictures of DNA.
F. Watson & Crick
F. Watson and Crick 85. Discovered the structure of DNA.
G. Rosalind Franklin
86. What is interesting about the backbones of DNA (it’s what gives DNA its shape)?
Strands run anti-parallel,
87. Write in the pairs of nitrogenous bases below:
Adenine
&
Thymine
Guanine
&
Cytosine
88. What is the origin of replication?
Where replication begins
89. What happens at the replication fork?
the “Y” shaped region where new DNA strands are created
90. What are the results of DNA replication?
Two strands of DNA, one original one new
91. How many amino acids does DNA code for?
20
92. What is a codon?
Combination of 3 nucleotides
93. Label the diagram below with the following terms:
Phosphate
deoxyribose
hydrogen bonds
nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose
Phosphate
Nitrogenous
base
Hydrogen bonds
Cell Division
94. Why do cells divide?
They get too large
95. What happens as a living thing grows bigger (do the cells get bigger)?
The cells continue to divide
96. When do cells stop dividing?
When they reach another cell
97. List the four phases of the cell cycle and something about each phase.
a. Prophase :
Nucleus disappears, spindle forms
b. Metaphase :
Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
c. Anaphase :
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends
d. Telophase :
Nucleus reforms, cell begins to divide
Cellular Respiration
98. Cellular respiration
Is not
breathing.
is/is not
99. The release of chemical energy for cellular use is called
.
100. What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6+ 6O2 6CO2+ 6H2O+Energy
101. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic requires oxygen, Anaerobic does not
102. How many ATP are made in total during aerobic respiration?
36 ATP
103. Where are most of the ATP produced?
Mitochondria- Electron transport chain
104. What causes cramping muscles?
Lactic acid fermentation
105. What is alcohol fermentation?
How things like yeast go through respiration, Pyruvate is converted to Ethanol
Miscellaneous/Potpourri
106. When is your BioSci exam?
107. When is your BioSci study group?
108. What are some mental and physical things you can do to help you prepare for all of your exams?