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KNOWING A WORD What is a vocabulary item or a unit of meaning? A single word A compound word with or without a hyphen: record player, second-hand A fixed or semi-fixed expression: bits and pieces, looks like new A phrasal verb with one or two particles: look up, run out of An expression used to manage conversation: or something, I mean, personally, actually Encourage your learner to: Notice the words around the target vocabulary item in texts and when listening Use an English-English dictionary to get more information about words and expressions. Use the words or expressions in their own sentences. Record information about the word in their books. What different meanings does it have? Collocation s - what other words is it usually found with? How to use it in context, grammar How to say it, syllables, word stress How to spell it Is it formal, informal, slang, spoken, written? Knowing a word Other forms of the word, word families Connotations - positive, negative, other associations Some resources: A good learner dictionary - I like the ones from Cambridge British National Corpus (BYU-BNC) - Brigham Young University VOCABULARY CHECKLIST FOR LEARNERS Pronunciation and spelling What is the pronunciation? Can I guess the pronunciation from the spelling? Can I guess the spelling from the pronunciation? How many syllables does the word have? What is the stressed syllable? How many schwas /ə/ does the word have? Does the word often have a schwa in connected speech? Meaning What is the meaning? How many meanings? Are they similar or very different? What is the most common meaning? Is the word positive or negative? Is it formal, informal, neutral or slang? Does it belong to a particular domain (e.g. medical, legal etc.) Are there any words with a similar meaning? Does the word have an opposite? Grammar and use: Is it a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition? What are other words in the same word family? If it is a verb, is it regular or irregular in the past? If it is a noun, does it have an irregular plural? What prepositions come after or before this word? What are some common sentence structures for this word? How can I use this word in a sentence? Collocations Is this word part of a fixed expression? Is it a phrasal verb? What other words often go with this word = what other words collocate with this word? TASKS FOR TUTORS Task A: What are some words or units of meaning? Yeah, I mean, I like looking for bits and pieces like old second-hand record players and stuff, and doing them up to look like new. Task B: Find the phrasal verbs Task C: What does it mean to know a word? Brainstorm… Task D: How many different ways are there to pronounce “ough”? A rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of Scarborough; after falling into a slough, he coughed and hiccoughed Task E: Are these expressions formal or informal? Written or spoken? pursuant to, tendering my resignation, increased demands on my time chuffed, stoked, dolly Task F: Find some useful expressions with “have”. Are there any other collocations that you can see? Task G: What would a learner need to know about these words? fat obese curvy tubby chubby A rough-coated, overweight