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Unit 4 Heart Disease Review
Lesson 4.1: Heart Structure
Essential Questions
1. What are the structures that make up the human heart and how are they organized?
2. How do the heart and lungs work together to pick up and deliver oxygen to the cells?
3. What is the pathway that blood takes as it passes through the heart?
4. What is the function of valves in the heart?
5. How does the structure of arteries and veins relate to their functions?
Key Terms
Aorta
Aortic Valve
Artery
Atrium
Cardiovascular
System
Cell
Inferior Vena Cava
Mitral Valve
Pulmonary
Circulation
Superior Vena Cava
Systemic Circulation
The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed
by branch arteries through the body.
The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that
prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.
Any of the tubular branching muscular and elastic-walled vessels that
carry blood from the heart through the body.
An anatomical cavity or passage; especially a chamber of the heart that
receives blood from the veins and forces it into a ventricle or ventricles.
The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and
nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other
wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
The smallest structural unit of living matter capable of functioning
independently.
A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the
right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm.
A valve in the heart that guards the opening between the left atrium and
the left ventricle; prevents the blood in the ventricle from returning to the
atrium. Alternative name is bicuspid valve.
The passage of venous blood from the right atrium of the heart through
the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it is
oxygenated and its return via the pulmonary veins to enter the left atrium
and participate in systemic circulation.
A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns
blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.
The branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and
then returns oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium via the veins.
Tissue
Tricuspid Valve
Valve
Vein
An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.
A valve that is situated at the opening of the right atrium of the heart into
the right ventricle and that resembles the mitral valve in structure but
consists of three triangular membranous flaps.
A body structure that temporarily closes a passage or orifice, or permits
movement of fluid in only one direction.
A vessel that returns blood to the heart.
Lesson 4.2: The Heart at Work
Essential Questions
6. In what ways can technology be used to collect and analyze cardiovascular data?
7. Why is it important to monitor the rate at which the heart beats?
8. What factors can influence heart rate?
9. How do systolic and diastolic blood pressure values relate to the movement of blood in arteries?
10. What factors can influence blood pressure?
11. How can an EKG be used in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease?
Key Terms
Atrioventricular Node
Blood Pressure
Cardiology
Diastole
Diastolic Pressure
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Heart Rate
Hypertension
Pacemaker
Pulse
A specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction
in the heart.
Pressure exerted by the blood upon the walls of the blood vessels, especially
arteries, usually measured by means of a sphygmomanometer and
expressed in millimeters of mercury.
The study of the heart and its action and diseases.
The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the
chambers to fill with blood.
Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions.
A measurement of heart electrical activity.
A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as the number of beats per
min.
An abnormally high blood pressure.
An electrical device for stimulating or steadying the heartbeat or
reestablishing the rhythm of an arrested heart.
The rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction;
Sinoatrial Node
Sphygmomanometer
Systole
Systolic Pressure
can be felt from the outside of the body.
A small mass of tissue that is made up of Purkinje fibers, ganglion cells, and
nerve fibers, that is embedded in the musculature of the right atrium, and that
originates the impulses stimulating the heartbeat -- called also S-A node,
sinus node.
An instrument for measuring blood pressure and especially arterial blood
pressure.
The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle contracts and the
chambers pump blood.
The pressure generated by the left ventricle during systole.
Lesson 4.3: Heart Dysfunction
Essential Questions
12. What roles does cholesterol play in our cells and in the body?
13. How are LDL, HDL, and cholesterol related to heart disease?
14. How do doctors interpret the results of a cholesterol test?
15. How can techniques of molecular biology be used to analyze DNA for the presence of the FH mutation?
16. What lifestyle changes may help a patient obtain healthy cholesterol levels?
17. What are the pros and cons of using cholesterol lowering medications?
18. How can cholesterol plaques affect the overall function of the heart?
Key Terms
Atherosclerosis
Cholesterol
Familial
Hypercholesterolemia
Changes in the walls of large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on the
artery walls.
A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and
acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically
important steroids.
A metabolic disorder that is caused by defective or absent receptors for
LDLs on cell surfaces, that is marked by an increase in blood plasma
LDLs and by an accumulation of LDLs in the body resulting in an
increased risk of heart attack and coronary heart disease, and that is
inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
HDL (High Density
Lipoprotein)
LDL (Low Density
Lipoprotein)
A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and
other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which
proteins are embedded. An HDL particle carries less cholesterol than a
related lipoprotein, LDL, and may be correlated with a decreased risk of
blood vessel blockage.
A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and
other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which
proteins are embedded. An LDL particle carries more cholesterol than a
related lipoprotein, HDL, and high LDL levels in the blood correlate with a
tendency to develop blocked blood vessels and heart disease.
Lesson 4.4: Heart Intervention
Essential Questions
19. What happens inside the heart to cause a heart attack?
20. How do doctors treat a blocked blood vessel?
21. What are risk factors for the development of heart disease?
22. How can a person decrease his or her risk of heart disease?
Key Terms
Angiogram
Angioplasty
Coronary Bypass
Heart Attack
Heart Disease
Metabolic Syndrome
Risk Factor
Stenting
Stroke
The radiographic visualization of blood vessels after the injection of radiopaque
substance.
Surgical repair or recanalization of a blood vessel.
A surgical bypass operation performed to shunt blood around an obstruction in
a coronary artery that involves grafting one end of a segment of vein removed
from another part of the body into the aorta and the other end into the coronary
artery beyond the obstructed area to allow for increased blood flow.
An acute episode of heart disease marked by death or damage of heart muscle
due to insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle usually as a result of
coronary thrombosis or a coronary occlusion and that is characterized
especially by chest pain.
An abnormal organic condition of the heart or of circulation.
A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of
factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low
HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that are linked to increased
risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.
Something which increases risk or susceptibility.
A surgical procedure or operation for inserting a stent, a mold to keep a
passageway open, into an anatomical vessel.
Sudden loss of consciousness, sensation, and voluntary motion caused by
rupture or obstruction (as by a clot) of a blood vessel of the brain.