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Additional Reading - The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations Your Digital History textbook mysteriously does not cover the Treaty of Versailles. Read this single Web page about it. Video - A General Review of Military Actions in World War I Watch this video (6:41) for a general overview of military actions during the war. Video - Background on Civil Liberties during Wartime (includes Espionage and Sedition Acts) Watch this video (7:10) for a general overview of the conflicts that have arisen throughout American history between civil liberties and wartime policy. The World War I-era Espionage and Sedition Acts are covered between the 4:50 and 5:50 mark. The internment of Japanese Americans during World War II is also mentioned. Please note that this video was produced by the Bill of Rights Institute that is funded by the Koch Family Foundation, a sometimes controversial organization noted for its libertarian and free-market advocacy. Know your source sponsors and evaluate if the source presents an agenda. This video offers, for the most part, an even-handed review. Slideshow - U.S. and World War I Watch this slideshow (37 slides) for more in-depth coverage of World War I, especially the reasons for the United States entering the war. The slideshow includes a link to an external Website for a World War I-era song, as well as embedded video and maps. WSBCTC 1 Why Did the United States Enter World War I? An Exploration of Causes Europe's imperial powers claimed colonies in Africa and Asia Events in Europe that led to world war 1914 Events That Led to War ● June 28—Archduke assassinated ● July 28—Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia ● July 30—Russia began mobilization ● Aug. 1—Germany declared war on Russia ● Aug. 3—Germany declared war on France ● Aug. 4—German troops invade Belgium ● Aug. 4—Great Britain declared war on Germany ● Aug. 4—U.S. declared its neutrality Phases of the Great War (1914 to 1918) ● War of Illusion (1914) ● War of Stalemate and Stagnation (1915) ● War of Great Slaughter (1916–1917) ● War of Mutiny, Revolution, Ideas (begins 1917) War of Illusion ● Nationalism fuels war enthusiasm ● People believed the war would be over in weeks (to listen to a song reflecting this whose lyrics are on next slide, Click here Oh! It's a Lovely War!) ● But this was a modern war, a total war ● First use of machine guns and barbed wire, submarine warfare, aircraft, tanks, and chemical weapons Oh! It's a Lovely War! Chorus Oh, oh, oh it's a lovely war. Who wouldn't be a soldier, eh? Oh it's a shame to take the pay. As soon as reveille has gone we feel just as heavy as lead, but we never get up till the sergeant brings our breakfast up to bed. Oh, oh, oh, it's a lovely war. What do we want with eggs and ham when we've got plum and apple jam? Form fours. Right turn. How shall we spend the money we earn? Oh, oh, oh it's a lovely war. War of Stalemate and Stagnation (1915) ● Neither side can advance as the war is fought in trenches and over barbed wire ● In 1915 alone French suffered 1.3 million casualties (330,000 dead) ● Germany 848,000 (170,000 dead) ● Great Britain 313,000 (73,000 dead) War of Great Slaughter (1916–1917) Battle of Verdun (east of Paris) ● Longest battle of the war (Feb. to Dec. 1916) with no significant change in position ● 1 million French and Germans killed, wounded, or missing (700,000 dead) Battle of the Somme (river north of Paris) ● First British major battle ● July 1, 1916, worst day in British military history—20,000 British soldiers dead and 40,000 wounded ● After 4 months, the British advanced 6 miles Battle of the Somme (created for 2006 anniversary, 3:34, click to play) War of Mutiny, Revolution, Ideas (begins 1917) ● Mutinies in French Army ● March 1917 Tsar overthrown in Russia and social democratic government in power ● United States enters the war in April because “the world must be made safe for democracy” (President Woodrow Wilson) Why Did the United States Enter the War? 5 Causes for U.S. Entry ● Shared language and heritage with Great Britain ● Economic ties stronger with the Allies (G.B., France, Russia, Italy, etc.) than with Central Powers (German and Ottoman Empires, Austria-Hungary) United States Exports to Allies versus Central Powers (in millions of dollars) 2750 1280 754 345 29 2 American Loans during Neutrality from 1914 to 1917 (millions of dollars) 2300 27 5 Causes for U.S. Entry ● Common language and heritage with Allies ● Economic ties favored Allies ● Submarine Warfare (Lusitania) Submarine Warfare ● British naval blockade on Germany (“Britain rules the waves and waives the rules.”) ● Germans use sub warfare (U-boats) ● Double standard - US condemned German naval attacks but not British ones ● Lusitania sunk May 7, 1915 - 1198 people die including 128 U.S. citizens - Why were neutral Americans on ship carrying British munitions? Submarine Warfare ● Lusitania carried foodstuffs and 4.2 million rounds of ammunition, 1250 shrapnel shell cases, 18 cases nonexplosive fuses and American passengers to G.B. ● U.S. and Germany reach uneasy truce (Sussex Pledge) in 1915 ● But on Feb. 1, 1917, Germany announced return to unrestricted submarine warfare ● Thus on Feb. 3, 1917, U.S. ended diplomatic relations with Germany 1916 Domestic Politics ● Wilson requested and Congress approved bills to increase US military ● Wilson continued neutrality policy and attempted peace overtures ● 1916 Wilson re-elected with winning slogan of “He Kept Us Out of War” ● Jan. 1917 Wilson issued "peace without victory" speech (League of Nations) 5 Causes for U.S. Entry ● Common language and heritage ● Economic ties ● Submarine Warfare (Lusitania) ● Zimmermann Telegram - a direct threat to US territory when Germany offered Mexico an alliance that could result in the return to Mexico of lands lost in 1848 at the Mexican-American War's end. Zimmermann Telegram Feb. 24, 1917—cable sent by German Foreign Minister to Mexico: WE INTEND TO BEGIN UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE ON THE FIRST OF FEBRUARY. WE SHALL ENDEAVOR IN SPITE OF THIS TO KEEP THE UNITED STATES NEUTRAL. IN THE EVENT OF THIS NOT SUCCEEDING, WE MAKE MEXICO A PROPOSAL OF ALLIANCE ON THE FOLLOWING BASIS: Zimmermann Telegram MAKE WAR TOGETHER, MAKE PEACE TOGETHER, GENEROUS FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND AN UNDERSTANDING ON OUR PART THAT MEXICO IS TO RECONQUER THE LOST TERRITORY IN TEXAS, NEW MEXICO, AND ARIZONA…. PLEASE CALL THE [MEXICAN] PRESIDENT’S ATTENTION TO THE FACT THAT THE RUTHLESS EMPLOYMENT OF OUR SUBMARINES NOW OFFERS THE PROSPECT OF COMPELLING ENGLAND IN A FEW MONTHS TO MAKE PEACE. 5 Causes for U.S. Entry ● Common language and heritage ● Economic ties ● Submarine Warfare (Lusitania) ● Zimmermann Telegram ● Overthrow of Tsar - “the world must be made safe for democracy” (President Woodrow Wilson) - when the Russian Revolution overthrew the Tsar in early 1917, Wilson would argue that the Allies were the side of democracy American Entry ● U.S. began arming its merchant vessels in March ● U.S. ships sunk by U-boats ● As a result, on April 2, 1917, Wilson addressed Congress and asked for a declaration of war ● By April 6, both houses of Congress endorsed Wilson’s request and the US entered the war. World War I U.S. Efforts and the War's Costs American War Effort ● When U.S. entered war, less than 200,000 men were in the army, but in June 1917 draft began: 2.8 million drafted and 2 million volunteer. ● Massive industrial mobilization in U.S. to supply Allied forces. ● American Expeditionary force (AEF) does not reach the front until early 1918. ● American troops and supplies result in the armistice on November 11, 1918. World War I Costs ● Death tolls in Europe (including civilians): almost 1.7 million French; almost 2.5 million in the German Empire; and over 3 million in the Russian Empire. ● American war deaths 112,432 with more than half from disease. ● U.S. war effort costs $26 billion during the war. ● U.S. federal debt $1 billion in 1915 jumps to $20 million after war. The U.S. emerges from war as the strongest economic power in the world. ● In 1914, the U.S. was a debtor nation, owing foreign investors $3 billion. ● By 1919, the rest of the world owed the U.S. Foreign governments owed more than $10 billion and foreign citizens nearly $3 billion. Thus, World War I shifted the world's economic power dramatically toward the United States. World War I The Peace Treaty and the War's Aftermath Compare this map of Europe and the Middle East in 1914 with this map of the same area in 1924. Peace Process ● Delegates from 27 countries met near Paris (Versailles) in 1918. ● American President Woodrow Wilson arrived with a plan called "The Fourteen Points": (1)to allow nation's self-determination; (2) to abide by principles such as free trade and no secret treaties; (3) to establish a League of Nations to resolve future disputes between nations and thus prevent war. ● The other Allies arrived intent on punishing Germany, securing economic reparations [$33 billion from Germany], and continuing their overseas empires (and thus not allowing self-determination for those colonies). ● All of the Allies worried about the continuing conflict in Russia. The U. S., Britain, and France sent troops to fight the Bolsheviks and thus prevent communist control of Russia,. Those efforts failed and by 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) absorbed the former Russian Empire. Versailles Treaty ● The Big Four of the leaders of the US, Great Britain, France and Italy made most of the decisions. ● Germany was forced to admit guilt for the war and pay reparations. ● German colonies were handed over to the Allies. ● President Wilson gained approval only for the League of Nations, BUT opposition at home resulted in the US Senate never ratifying the treaty and to the US never joining the League. ● The harsh punishment of German is widely considered to have contributed to the rise of Nazis and Adolph Hitler in Germany and thus to the Holocaust and World War II. Slideshow prepared in Google Docs. ©Susan Vetter 2011