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Lecture Chapter 2 All living systems are in labelled in a hierarchical order. Components: Atoms –all things are made up of atoms Elements- are the same type of atom working together Compounds- a combination of different types of atoms working together Cells- The smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent functioning, consisting of one or more nuclei, cytoplasm, and various organelles, all surrounded by a semipermeable cell membrane.(dictionary.com) Tissues-similar type cells working together for a common purpose Organs-tissues that are working together to create a structure Systems- a series of organs that work together for a common function Fundamental unit of all living things; smallest structure of body that has all properties of being alive: • responds to stimuli • engages in metabolic activities • reproduces itself • Tissues and organs in body are composed of cells • Individual cells perform functions for body such as reproduction, hormone secretion, energy production, and excretion • Special cells carry out specific functions, such as contraction by muscle cells and electrical impulse transmission by nerve cells Cytology - Study of cells and their functions All cells have: • nucleus– contains DNA • cytoplasm–watery internal environment of cell • cell membrane– outermost boundary of cell Histology - Study of tissue • Tissue formed when like cells grouped together and function together to perform specific activity • Body has four types of tissue: muscle tissue connective tissue epithelial tissue nervous tissue Muscle Tissue - Produces movement through contraction, or shortening in length. Composed of individual muscle cells called muscle fibers • Three basic types of muscles: skeletal muscle (attached to bone) smooth muscle (in internal organs such as intestines, uterus, and blood vessels) cardiac muscle (only in heart) Epithelial Tissue - Also called epithelium • Found throughout body • Composed of close-packed cells that form covering for and lining of body structures • Examples: top layer of skin and lining of stomach • May be specialized: absorb substances such as nutrients from intestines) secrete substances such as sweat glands) excrete wastes such as kidney tubules) Connective Tissue • Supporting and protecting tissue • Performs many different functions depending on location • Appears in many different forms so that each is able perform task required at that location bone - structural support for whole body) cartilage - shock absorber in joints tendons – connects skeletal muscles to bones adipose - protective padding Nervous Tissue Composed of cells called neurons • Forms brain, spinal cord, and network of nerves throughout entire body • Allows for conduction of electrical impulses to send information between brain and rest of body to Organs • Composed of several different types of tissue that work as a unit to perform special functions Example: Stomach contains smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and epithelial tissue that allow it to contract to mix food with digestive juices Systems: Composed of several organs working in coordinated manner to perform complex function or functions Body System Organs/parts involved Specialty Integumentary skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands muscles Bones Joints Oral Cavity Salivary Glands Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Intestines Rectum Anus Gallbladder Liver Pancreas Heart Arteries Veins Plasma erythrocytes leukocytes thrombocytes lymph nodes lymphatic vessels spleen thymus gland tonsils Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lungs Kidneys Bladder Ureter Urethra dermatologist musculoskeletal Digestive Gastrointestinal Alimentary Cardiac Blood Lymphatic Respiratory Urinary orthopedist Internist gastroenterologist proctologist Cardiologist Hematologist Immunologist Pulmonologist otorhinolaryngologist laryngologist Urologist Nephrologist Female Reproductive Male Reproductive Endocrine Nervous Ovary Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Vulva Breasts Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Penis Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Thymus gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovaries Testes Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Gynecologist Obstetrician Urologist Endocrinologist Neurologist Anatomical position Is used when describing positions and relationships of structure in human body. The anatomical position is when the body is standing erect with arms at side of body, palms of hands facing forward, and eyes looking straight ahead; legs are parallel with feet and toes pointing forward Body planes: Terminology for body planes used to assist medical personnel in describing body and its parts Sagittal plane or median plane - vertical plane that runs lengthwise from front to back; divides body or any of its parts into right and left portions; right and left sides Frontal plane or coronal plane- vertical plane that runs lengthwise from side to side; divides body into front and back portions Transverse plane or horizontal plane- divides body or its parts into upper and lower portions Longitudinal section—view produced by lengthwise slice along long axis of structure Cross-section—view produced by slice perpendicular to long axis of structure Regions of the body Body is divided into large regions that can easily be identified externally: • Cephalic region—entire head • Cervical region—neck • Trunk—torso • Thoracic (pectoral) region—chest • Abdominal (celiac) region • Pelvic region • Pubic region—genital region • Dorsum—back • Vertebral region • Gluteal region—buttocks • Upper extremities or brachial region—arms • Lower extremities or crural regions—legs Terms Describing Body Positions Term superior or cephalad Definition toward the head, or above another structure Example: The adrenal glands are superior to the kidneys. inferior or caudad toward feet or tail, or below another structure Example: The intestine is inferior to the heart. anterior or ventral toward front or belly-side of body Example: The navel is located on the anterior surface of the body. posterior or dorsal toward back or spinal cord side of body Example: The posterior wall of the right kidney was excised. medial middle or near middle of body or structure Example: The heart is medially located in the chest cavity. lateral Refers to side Example: The ovaries are located lateral to the uterus. apex Tip or summit of organ Example: We hear the heart beat by listening over the apex of the heart. base Bottom or lower part of organ Example: On the X-ray, a fracture was noted at the base of the skull. proximal Located nearer to the point of attachment to body Example: In the anatomical position, the elbow is proximal to the hand. distal Located farther away from point of attachment to body Example: The hand is distal to the elbow. superficial More toward surface of body Example: The cut was superficial. deep Further away from surface of body Example: An incision into an abdominal organ is a deep incision. Body Cavities and Their Contents 1. Dorsal cavities A. cranial cavity (contains brain) B. spinal cavity (contains spinal cord) 2. Ventral cavities A. thoracic cavity B. abdominopelvic cavity A. Thoracic cavity contains two lungs and central region between them called: mediastinum mēd-ē-ə-ˈstī-nəm heart, aorta esophagus trachea thymus gland Diaphragm—physical wall between thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity; muscle used for breathing B. Abdominopelvic cavity superior abdominal cavity inferior pelvic cavity organs of digestive tract excretory reproductive systems Organs within ventral cavities referred to as viscera. All viscera are lined with a two layer membrane. All Cavities lined by, two-layer membrane known as the: pleura in thoracic cavity peritoneum in abdominopelvic cavity Outer layer that lines cavities called parietal layer parietal pleura and parietal peritoneum Inner layer that encases viscera called visceral layer visceral pleura and visceral peritoneum Within thoracic cavity, pleura is subdivided, forming pleural cavity (contains lungs) and pericardial cavity (contains heart) Body Cavities and their Major Organs Cavity Dorsal cavities Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Major Organs Brain Spinal cord Ventral cavities Thoracic cavity Pleural cavity: lungs Pericardial cavity: heart Mediastinum: heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, aorta Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and portions of the small intestines and colon Urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, and portions of the small intestines and colon Female: uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina Male: prostate gland, seminal vesicles, portion of the vas deferens The nine anatomical and four clinical divisions of the abdomen Abdominopelvic cavity usually subdivided into regions so different areas can be precisely referred to. anatomical divisions clinical divisions Subdivisions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen • Right hypochondriac: Right lateral region of upper row beneath lower ribs • Epigastric: Middle area of upper row above stomach • Left hypochondriac: Left lateral region of upper row beneath lower ribs • Right lumbar: Right lateral region of middle row at waist • Umbilical: Central area over navel • Left lumbar: Left lateral region of middle row at waist • Right iliac: Right lateral region of lower row at groin • Hypogastric: Middle region of lower row beneath navel • Left iliac: Left lateral region of lower row at groin Clinical Divisions of the Abdomen • Right upper quadrant (RUQ): Contains majority of liver, gallbladder, small portion of pancreas, right kidney, small intestines, and colon • Right lower quadrant (RLQ): Contains small intestines and colon, right ovary and fallopian tube, appendix, and right ureter • Left upper quadrant (LUQ): Contains small portion of liver, spleen, stomach, majority of pancreas, left kidney, small intestines, and colon • Left lower quadrant (LLQ): Contains small intestines and colon, left ovary and fallopian tube, and left ureter Combining Medical Form Suffix Term abdomin/o anter/o brachi/o caud/o cephal/o cervic/o crani/o crur/o dist/o dors/o epitheli/o glute/o infer/o later/o medi/o muscul/o neur/o organ/o pelv/o peritone/o pleur/o poster/o proxim/o pub/o radi/o spin/o super/o system/o thorac/o ventr/o vertebr/o viscer/o -al -ior -al -al -ic -al -al -al -al -al -al -al -ior -al -al -ar -al -ic -ic -al -al -ior -al -ic -graph -al -ior -ic -ic -al -al -al abdominal anterior brachial caudal cephalic cervical cranial crural distal dorsal epithelial gluteal inferior lateral medial muscular neural organic pelvic peritoneal pleural posterior proximal pubic radiograph spinal superior systemic thoracic ventral vertebral visceral Definition pertaining to abdomen pertaining to front pertaining to arm pertaining to tail pertaining to head pertaining to neck pertaining to skull pertaining to leg pertaining to away pertaining to spinal cord pertaining to epithelium pertaining to buttocks pertaining to below pertaining to side pertaining to middle pertaining to muscles pertaining to nerves pertaining to organs pertaining to pelvis pertaining to peritoneum pertaining to pleura pertaining to back pertaining to near pertaining to genital region instrument used to make x-rays pertaining to spine pertaining to above pertaining to systems pertaining to chest pertaining to belly side pertaining to vertebrae pertaining to internal organs