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Lesson 3 The Mongol Empire MAIN IDEAS Government The Mongols built a vast empire stretching from Europe to China. Government The Mongols kept some features of the Chinese form of government but did not let Chinese officials have important jobs. Economics The Mongols encouraged and increased trade and foreign contacts. The Mongol Invasion ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the Mongols build a vast empire that stretched from Europe to China? A Great Leader • The Mongols were fierce nomadic warriors from northwest of China - lived in clans; clans joined into independent tribes • Temujin united tribes around 1206, became Mongolʼs khan, or ruler - took the name Genghis Khan, or “universal ruler” - organized and led Mongol warriors in conquest of northern China • Mongols conquered Central Asia by 1221 The Mongol Empire • After Genghisʼs death in 1227, his son Ogadai took power - captured rest of north China, took empire west to Russia, Persia • Empireʼs four parts, or khanates, ruled by Genghisʼs descendents • Kublai Khan was Genghisʼs grandson—took over China in 1260 - defeated Song in 1279 - Mongols ruled all of China until 1368 REVIEW QUESTION What regions did the Mongol leaders conquer? Chapter 7: China Builds an Empire World History: Medieval and Early Modern Times 1 Mongol Government ESSENTIAL QUESTION What features of the Chinese form of government did the Mongols adopt? Learning to Rule • Kublai Khan was first ruler in 300 years to control all of China - Mongols were first foreign power to rule China - Kublai ruled for 15 years, died in 1294 • Mongols had little government experience, unlike Chinese • Kublai kept many aspects of Chinese rule, built capital at Beijing - declared himself emperor, founded Yuan Dynasty Maintaining Control • Kublai did not allow Chinese politicians too much power - ended civil-service exams - gave important government jobs to Mongols or trusted foreigners • Confucian thought still strong in government under Mongol rule • Kublai improved trade, travel, and contacts with rest of world - extended Grand Canal, built highway between Beijing and Hangzhou REVIEW QUESTION How did the Mongols maintain control of China? Chapter 7: China Builds an Empire World History: Medieval and Early Modern Times 2 Opening China to the World ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the Mongols encourage trade? Trade Routes • Mongols developed sea trade, welcomed foreign visitors - controlled all of Central Asia during period of Mongol Ascendancy - made trade routes, overland travel safer • Caravans moved silks, porcelain, tea on Silk Roads • Ships brought trade to Chinese ports such as Guangzhou and Fuzhou Foreign Contacts • Trade increased contact with Arabia, Persia, India - European missionaries, diplomats visited China - foreigners told rest of world about Chinese civilization • Marco Polo—Italian trader who came to China on Silk Road in 1275 - stayed for 17 years, became assistant to Kublai - published popular book about his travels in China REVIEW QUESTION How did the Mongols promote Chinese contact with the rest of the world? Lesson Summary • The Mongols built an enormous empire stretching from China to Europe. • The Mongols adopted some features of the Chinese style of government. • The Mongols increased foreign trade, especially along the Silk Roads to Western markets. Why It Matters Now… The contacts between Mongol China and the Arab and Western worlds spread important ideas and trade goods. Because of this, many Chinese inventions can be found worldwide today. Chapter 7: China Builds an Empire World History: Medieval and Early Modern Times 3