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Chapter 1
1 - Intro to the Human Body
Intro to the Human Body
• Anatomy is the science of body structures and
the relationships among them.
Intro to the Human Body
• Physiology is the science of body functions –
how the body parts work.
Intro to the Human Body
• The human body consists of six levels of
structural organization:
1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
Intro to the Human Body
• Levels of structural organization cont’:
4. Organ
5. System
6. Organismal
Intro to the Human Body
1. Chemical
– Atoms, small units of matter that participate in
chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more
atoms joined together.
Intro to the Human Body
2. Cells
– The basic structural and functional units of an
organism.
Intro to the Human Body
3. Tissues
– Groups of similarly specialized cells and the
substances surrounding them that perform
certain special functions.
Intro to the Human Body
4. Organs
– Structures that are composed of two or more
different tissues that have specific functions.
Intro to the Human Body
5. Systems
– Related organs that have a common function.
Intro to the Human Body
6. The human organism
– A collection of structurally and functionally
integrated body systems.
Intro to the Human Body
Levels of Organization
• The eleven systems of the human body are:
1. Nervous
2. Muscular
3. Skeletal
4. Integumentary
Levels of Organization
• The systems of the human body cont’:
5. Cardiovascular
6. Lymphatic
7. Respiratory
8. Digestive
Levels of Organization
• The systems of the human body cont’:
9. Urinary
10. Endocrine
11. Reproductive
Organ
Systems
Principles of Human Anatomy
and Physiology, 11e
16
Intro to the Human Body
1. The Nervous system
Intro to the Human Body
– Components = brain, spinal cord, nerves, special
sense organs
– Functions = generates nerve impulses to regulate
body activities; detects, interprets and responds
to bodily changes
Intro to the Human Body
2. The Muscular system
Intro to the Human Body
– Components = muscles
– Functions = produces body movements, stabilizes
body positions, stores & moves bodily
substances, generates heat
Intro to the Human Body
3. The Skeletal system
Intro to the Human Body
– Components = bones, joints, cartilage,
periosteum
– Functions = support and protects body, provides a
surface area for muscle attachment, aids body
movements, houses cells that produce blood
cells, stores minerals & lipids
Intro to the Human Body
4. The Integumentary system
Intro to the Human Body
– Components = skin, hair, sweat glands, oil glands,
nails
– Functions = protection, body temperature
regulation, waste elimination, sensation
detection
Homework
• Complete handout:
– “Intro to the Human Body” - Part 1
• Study for Mini-quiz
Intro to the Human Body
5. The Cardiovascular system
Intro to the Human Body
– Components = blood, heart, blood vessels
– Functions = pumps & carries oxygen and nutrients
to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from
cells, defends against disease
Intro to the Human Body
6. The Lymphatic system
Intro to the Human Body
– Components = lymphatic fluid & vessels, lymph
nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils
– Functions = returns proteins & fluids to blood,
includes structures where lymphocytes mature
Intro to the Human Body
7. The Respiratory system
Intro to the Human Body
– Components = lungs and air passageways leading
into and out of them
– Functions = transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide
into and out of blood
Intro to the Human Body
8. The Digestive system
Intro to the Human Body
– Components = mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small & large intestine, anus, salivary
glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
– Functions = achieves physical and chemical
breakdown of food, nutrient absorption, solid
waste removal
Intro to the Human Body
9. The Urinary system
Intro to the Human Body
– Components = kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
urethra
– Functions = produces, stores and eliminates urine
Intro to the Human Body
10.The Endocrine system
Intro to the Human Body
– Components = hormone producing glands
(pituitary gland, thyroid gland, etc…)
– Functions = regulates body activities by releasing
hormones
Intro to the Human Body
11. The Reproductive system
Intro to the Human Body
– Components = testes, epididymis, vas deferens
and penis (in males) & ovaries, fallopian tubes,
uterus, and vagina (in females)
– Functions = produces, transport and stores
gametes; release hormones that regulate
reproduction and other body processes
Homework
• Complete handout:
– “Intro to the Human Body” - Part 2
• Study for Mini-quiz