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This is your English Language Homework Booklet. You will use it this year to help you develop the skills you need to improve your English. As you will be using it all year, you must take care of it. Complete each exercise as directed by your English teacher. Each exercise contains an explanation of a grammar point and a task to check that you have understood what has been explained. You should neatly write all of your answers in the booklet. If you do not understand one of the exercises, you must let your teacher know so that it can be explained in more detail. This booklet will help you with a number of skills. In particular, you will be looking at developing the skills found in the following Experiences and Outcomes: Reading Writing Through developing my knowledge of context clues, punctuation, grammar and layout, I can read with increasing fluency, understanding and expression. Eng 3-12 As appropriate to my purpose and type of text, I can punctuate and structure different types of sentences with sufficient accuracy, and arrange these to make meaning clear, showing straightforward relationships between paragraphs. Lit 3-22a Throughout the writing process, I can review and edit my writing to ensure that it meets its purpose and communicates meaning at first reading. Lit 3-23a 2 You will often be asked to peer or self assess the tasks in this booklet. This will help you to understand how to improve your work. In order to do this you should use the following code: Use the tick sign if the answer is correct. Use the cross sign if the answer is incorrect. Use the plus sign if part of the answer is correct. There is a space at the bottom of the page for you to put your mark. 3 Nouns A noun is a Naming word. It is a word for a person, place or thing. Common nouns are used for general persons girl boy teacher doctor places house church school library things desk chair pen cup proper nouns are used for particular persons Mr Brown James Lisa places Glasgow Seres Road Italy things days months titles You can spot proper nouns easily as they must always begin with capital letters. You know that nouns are naming words. As well as common nouns and proper nouns, there are also: collective nouns The name for a special group of people or animals: - audience of people: - herd of cattle - flock of sheep abstract nouns The name for something we cannot see, hear or touch, such as feelings or ideas: - love - truth - hatred - happiness 4 Task 1 Underline the common nouns and circle the proper nouns in the following sentences: 1. Lucy had been studying for her Higher German exam since last Tuesday. 2. The Showcase was showing the film, ‘Pirates of the Caribbean’, last month. 3. David tidied his room by making the bed, washing the windows and by scrubbing the carpet. 5. Jennifer needed to go into town to buy some new clothes, including a coat, a party dress and a cardigan. She also needed to pick up some groceries from Safeway, and if she had time, some tickets for the concert at the SECC. Task 2 Write down what type of noun each of the following words is: boy _________ evil _________ sadness _________ team _________ chair _________ Tenerife _________ September _________ Regiment _________ John _________ station _________ crowd _________ hope _________ needle _________ group _________ computer _________ ambition _________ troop _________ class _________ imagination _________ courage _________ swarm _________ bunch _________ table _________ Jane _________ 5 Verbs A verb is a doing word: Example He walked to the shops. She felt excited. They laughed at the show. Action Walking Feeling Laughing Task 3 Underline the verb in each sentence: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The cat fought with the dog. William writes stories. The boy cried when he lost the race. Jane rode her bike to school. Roses grew in the park. Some sentences also contain a verb phrase. This is a main verb plus a helping verb. E.g. I have talked to him. She is listening to music. Task 4 Underline the verbs in the sentences below. Remember to look for verb phrases. 1. John ate all the cakes and the crisps. 2. Have you seen my handbag? 3. I read the magazine then I watched TV. 4. You have really grown since I last saw you. 5. We are moving at the end of the month. 6 Verbs Agreement of the verb with its subject A singular (when there is one) subject must be followed by a singular verb. A plural (more than one) subject is followed by a plural verb. E.g. The height of the walls was increased. (Singular) The walls of the city were destroyed. (Plural) Task 5 Complete the sentences with the correct answer. 1. The absence of the boys _______________ reported. (was, were) 2. The boys of the school _____________ taught swimming. (is, are) 3. The majority of the noise ______________made by the boys. (was, were) 4. In general his answers ____________ correct. (is, are) 5. Most of his money ______________ been lost. (has, have) 6. The bikes in the shop _____________ very expensive. (is, are) 7. Most of the neighbours ____________ friendly. (was, were) 8. Almost all of the girls ____________ nice. (was, were) 9. John _________ learning to swim. (is, are) 10.Most of his plans ________________ failed. (has, have) 7 The Present Tense The present tense is the one that we use to say what is happening at this moment. A verb changes in form depending on which “person” you are describing. Examples: I eat we eat you eat (singular) you eat (plural) he/she/it eats they eat If we want to show that the action is going on for some time, we use are and add ing to the verb. E.g. They are eating dinner (and have been for half an hour). Task 6 Change the following sentences into the present tense. You should give both possible versions. Example I ran uphill. I run uphill I am running uphill. 1. I walked to the shops. I ____________ to the shops. I _____ ___________ to the shops. 2. I ate chocolate. I _____________ chocolate. I ____ ____________ chocolate. 3. Lisa went to Brownies. Lisa __________ to Brownies. Lisa _____ _________ to Brownies. 4. Stuart painted pictures. Stuart __________ pictures. Stuart ____ ________ pictures. 8 The Future Tense The future tense is the one we use to say what is going to happen in the future and has not happened yet. To do this we usually use “will” or “shall”. E.g. I learn I will learn. If we want to show it will happen over a long period of time it should be I am staying I will be staying. Task 7 Complete the following sentences in the future tense. I am learning German. I will be learning German. 1. I am learning French. 2. I watch ‘Neighbours’. 3. We arrived on Monday. 4. Sharon is studying tonight. 5. Tracey read that book. 6. They swam for one hour. 7. They ran 4 miles on Monday. 8. John did his homework after school. 9. Sarah worked hard on Thursday. 10. We left on Saturday. I ____ ____ __________ French. I ______ __________ ‘Neighbours’. Lisa ______ ___________ on Monday. Sharon _____ _____ ___________ tonight. Tracey _______ _________ that book. They _______ _________ for one hour. They _____ ________ 4 miles on Monday. John ______ ______ his homework after school. Sarah _____ ________ hard on Thursday. We _____ _________ on Saturday. 9 The Past Tense The past tense is the tense we use to say what has happened before and is no longer happening. Most ‘weak’ verbs add ‘ed’ to form the past tense. E.g. walk = walked call = called ‘Strong’ verbs change when they are put into the past tense. Examples: eat = ate is = was drink = drank have = had sing = sang cry = cried Task 8 Change the following sentences into the past tense. 1. I swim. 2. She cries at sad films. 3. John likes going on the roller coaster. 4. We watch T.V. in the afternoons. 5. They run to the swing park. 6. They eat their food quickly. 7. Sam goes jogging in the park regularly. 8. Joe is kicking a can. 9. Lisa is reading a comic. 10. The children clap after the team score. I ______________. She ___________ at sad films. John __________ going on the roller coaster. We ___________ T.V in the afternoons. They ________ to the swing park. They ________ their food quickly. Sam _________ in the park regularly. Joe _____________ a can. Lisa _______ a comic. The children __________ after the team score. 10 Active and Passive Verbs can be used in two different ways. We call these active and passive ‘voices.’ The Active Voice Stuart pushed the trolley. In this sentence, Stuart (the subject) is doing the action of pushing. The Passive Voice The trolley was pushed by Stuart. Here, the trolley (subject) was having the action done to it. The ‘active’ voice is stronger and more direct than the ‘passive’ voice. The ‘active’ is normally shorter and easier but we use the ‘passive’ to give a different emphasis. Task 9 Change the following ‘active’ sentences into ‘passive’ sentences. 1. Lisa drank the juice. The juice was _____________________________________________. 2. The cleaner waters the plants every week. The plants are ____________________________________________. 3. We walk the dog every day. The dog is _______________________________________________. 4. John collects Nadine from school. Nadine is ________________________________________________. 5. The boy hid the watch. The watch was ___________________________________________. 11 Adverbs Adverbs are words that tell us more about verbs and other words. There are different types of adverbs: Adverbs of manner manner Tell us how something is done. You can often spot these as they end in ‘ly’. Examples: The train arrives slowly. The girls skipped happily Adverbs of time Adverbs of place Tell us when Tell us where Examples: I posted the letter yesterday. I’ll get it later. Examples: Let’s meet here. Put it over there. Task 10 Choose one of the adverbs to fill in the blanks in the sentences. Only use each word once. slowly loudly quickly angrily brightly 1. I want you to shout ________________. 2. The sun shone _______________ when we were on holiday. 3. The baby crawled ______________ across the floor. 4. He glared ______________ at the boy. 5. The girl ran ______________ across the road. Task 11 Change the following adjectives into adverbs. 1. calm = ____________ 2. quiet = _______________ 3. sad = _____________ 4. frosty = ______________ 12 Pronouns A pronoun is a word used to refer to a person or thing without giving a name. This is used instead of a noun. Examples: it she he them us myself Task 12 Choose a pronoun from the list below and complete the following sentences. Only use each pronoun once. yourself him she us I it you himself some any 1. Do ________ want to go to the cinema? 2. Our aunt gave ________ some sweets. 3. That is John’s book. It belongs to _________. 4. I made ten pounds. Did you make ____________? 5. Look after __________ when you are away. 6. This is Gillian’s picture that _________ painted. 7. _____ am going to the disco on Saturday. 8. Alan brushed his teeth and dressed _____________. 9. I’m having soup. Do you want ____________? 10.I can’t find the book. I’m sure I left ________ here. 13 Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns are used to refer to the nouns or pronouns which have already been used earlier in the sentence. They are useful for joining two sentences together. E.g. This is a girl. Her mother is a clothes designer. becomes There is a girl whose mother is a clothes designer. Relative Pronouns Who/whom Whose Which That Use Used for people. Used mainly for people but can also refer to things. Used for things and animals. Used to replace ‘which’. It refers to things and people. Task 13 Complete the sentences below by filling in the blanks with an appropriate relative pronoun. 1. I went swimming with Jackie _____________ lives next door to me. 2. This is the top __________ I bought for the party. 3. I lost the ring ___________ my gran gave to me. 4. That is the girl __________ sister got married. 5. I finished the cake __________ my mum baked yesterday. 14 Adjectives An adjective is a word used to tell us more about a noun or pronoun. E.g. She had sparkling green eyes adjectives noun Task 14 Underline the adjectives in the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The hungry lion killed its prey. The little boy held his mother’s hand when crossing the busy road. The children believed the house was haunted. John had brown, messy hair that fell over his eyes. The house was massive! Writers use adjectives to make their writing more interesting. Adjectives can also add atmosphere. E.g. ‘The screeching, icy wind howled through the bare, jagged tree branches of the dark, desolate forest.’ The writer could have written simply ‘The wind blew through the branches of the forest.’ However, here, the adjectives, screeching, icy, bare, jagged, tree, dark and desolate help to create a bleak atmosphere. Task 15 Write descriptive sentences using adjectives for the following scenes: 1. The ________ ____________ house looked haunted. 2. The ________ sun shone down on to the ________ ____________ beach. 3. The ____________ wind blew against the _________ hut. 15 Forms of Adjectives There are three forms of adjectives that you can use to describe a noun or pronoun. Forms Ordinary Add Comparative ‘er’ or ‘more’ Superlative ‘est’ or ‘most’ Example 1 Lynne is young. Lynne is younger than Paula. Susan is the youngest in the class. Example 2 The card is special. This card is more special. This one is the most special. Be careful, though, as not all adjectives follow the pattern above. Task 16 Insert the correct form of the adjective using the word in the bracket. 1. Colin had the __________ test mark in the class. (bad) 2. Lynne is a __________ girl. (pretty) 3. Christine is ______________ than Claire. (old) 4. Liam is the _____________ boy of three. (small) 5. This CD is ____________________ than that one. (expensive) 6. Colin was ____________ than Amy. (tall) 7. That boulder was the ____________ one they had lifted. (heavy) 8. Those flowers are the ______________ I have seen. (bright) 16 Conjunctions Conjunctions are words used to join words or clauses. You should use them in your own writing to lengthen you sentences and add variety. Note: A clause is a group of words which acts as a single unit and is built around a verb. E.g. He lives in America. Verb Task 17 Use one of the conjunctions in the list below to join two of the sentences together. Write the completed sentence below. Only use each conjunction once. The first one has been done for you. then but if until because 1. Susan got up at ten. A. You water the flowers. 2. John drinks coffee. B. She went to bed. 3. I will clean the car. C. This programme is over. 4. I won’t go to bed. D. She was on holiday. 5. Stacy brushed her teeth. E. He doesn’t drink tea. 1. Susan got up at ten because she was on holiday._________________ 2. _________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________________ 17 Prepositions Prepositions are the words used to show what one person or thing has to do with another person or thing. Examples: Over Under Between On Task 18 Choose a preposition from the list and complete the following sentences. Use each preposition only once. on past before up over near into under 1. Put the lid ________________ the potato pot please. 2. Your jacket is in the cupboard _____________ the stairs. 3. Her house is the first one _______________ the sweet shop. 4. The boy climbed _____________ the fence to escape. 5. I’ll drop you off ________________ your house. 6. We will need to get _________________ at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning. 7. Put your toys back ___________ the toy box! 8. Brush your teeth ______________ you go to bed. 18 Sentence Types Sentences finish with different punctuation marks depending on the sentence type. A STATEMENT ends with a full stop. E.g. We’ve got the best bargains. A QUESTION ends with a question mark. E.g. Have you booked a holiday? An IMPERATIVE statement (command) ends with a full stop. E.g. Send for our brochure today. An EXCLAMATION ends with an exclamation mark. E.g. What a bargain! Task 19 Complete the following sentences by adding the correct punctuation mark and stating what type of sentence it is. Sentence E.g. Did you buy any chocolate today 1. We went for a walk yesterday Punctuation Sentence Type ? Question 2. Are you busy tomorrow evening 3. You can’t wear that 4. Can you afford to miss this opportunity 5. Where are you going on holiday this year 6. It was amazing 7. Go to the shops now 8. I will be twenty on my birthday 19 Alphabetical Order When you are asked to put words into alphabetical order, you begin by looking at the first letter of each word. The word that begins with the letter nearest the beginning of the alphabet comes first. If two or more words begin with the same letter then you should look at the next letter in each word and apply the same rules. E.g. carrot clay crayon Task 20 Put the following lists of words into alphabetical order. 1. Chair Desk Computer Folder Book Cat Mouse Horse 2. Monkey Dog 3. House Caravan 4. Canada Japan France Australia 5. Where When Why Who Bungalow Flat Iceland What 20 21 Exclamation Marks Exclamation marks are used to mark the end of a sentence which shows a strong emotion such as joy: What a day it has been! or excitement: They made it to the finals! Exclamation marks are often used for brief commands or instructions: Turn out that light! Be quiet! Task 1 Add an exclamation mark to the sentences that need one. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I thought it was not at all believable. Unbelievable. That was stupendous. It had been an okay day. She won the race. It was horrific. Close that door. I was wondering if you could keep the noise down a little bit. Keep the noise down. Be quiet. Now write down 3 sentences that need an exclamation mark: 1._________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________ 22 Question Marks A direct question is something like direct speech where the actual words spoken are written down: What do you want for pudding? Indirect questions do not use the exact words of a question and so do not need a question mark. The words of the question are reported, as in indirect speech: The policeman was asked whether he had any clues. Task 2 Add question marks to the sentences that require them. Think about whether they are indirect or direct questions. 1. I asked whether she wanted to come 2. What is the matter with you 3. What time is the last train 4. I asked him what the matter was 5. How was your holiday 6. He asked about her health 7. Julie asked Chloe why she had been so late 8. When will you arrive 23 Colons A colon is used before a list: The following were nominated for the award: Higgins, Hopkins and Healy. A colon can also be used to show that a quotation will follow: She used the following quotation: ‘This too shall pass.’ Task 3 Add colons to the following sentences: 1. 2. 3. He needed four ingredients flour, yeast, milk and eggs. Aladdin remembered the magic words ‘Open Sesame!’ Our last five games are against the following opposition Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide, Perth and Tasmania. Now write down 3 sentences that need a colon: 1._________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________ 24 Semi-Colons These definitions are very simplified! A semi-colon is used to separate two closely connected statements which are of equal importance. They are either in contrast or the second one explains the first. e.g. John is very tall; his sister is very short. (contrast) John is very tall; he takes after his parents. (explanation) Semi-colons can also be used in lists to separate items of several words. e.g. For this recipe I need the following: four steaks; about a quarterof-an-inch thick; several shallots; some sour cream and some cooking brandy. Task 4 Add in the semi colons to the following sentences: 1. Craig joined the Army Darren joined the Marines. 2. It was the best of times it was the worst of times. 3. Terry always slept with the light on he was afraid of the dark. 4. Greece is a beautiful country the people are friendly and the beaches are empty. 5. I hate rice pudding dairy products don't agree with me. 25 The Apostrophe Possession We often use an apostrophe to show who something belongs to. The position of the apostrophe depends on the number of owners. You should put the apostrophe before the ‘s’ if it is singular and put it after the ‘s’ if it is plural. Examples: The cat’s basket = the basket belonging to the cat. (1 cat) The cats’ basket = the basket belonging to the cats. (more than 1 cat) Exception to the rule: Put the apostrophe before the ‘s’ if the plural of the word is different from the singular. Examples: The child’s toys were in a box. The children’s toys were in a box. Task 5 Add an apostrophe to the following phrases: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The dogs bone. (1 dog) The dogs ball. (2 dogs) The girls dresses. (2 girls) The elephants tusks. (1 elephant) The ladys hat. Contraction Apostrophes can also be used to abbreviate words. The apostrophe is placed where the missing letters would be. Examples Cannot can’t I am I’m Task 6 Use apostrophes to shorten the following words and phrases. 1. Should have 2. Could not 3. Let us 4. She is __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ 26 Inverted Commas Inverted commas (“ ”)are used to mark speech. Only the words that have actually been said are placed inside the inverted commas. E.g. “My name is John,” he said. He said, “My name is John.” When what is actually said comes before who said it, a comma, an exclamation mark or a question mark is placed before the inverted commas are closed. When what is said comes after who said it, a comma is placed before the inverted commas are opened. Task 6 Complete the following sentences. Put inverted commas around the words actually said. Add in the necessary commas, question marks and exclamation marks. 1. I need to go to the hospital she moaned. 2. Where is the train station enquired Jason. 3. He shouted go to your room now. 4. Claire asked are you going out tonight. 5. Over here shouted Connor. Sarah replied no, this way. Single inverted commas (‘ ‘) are used for the titles of books, films, songs etc. Examples: ‘Hollyoaks’ ‘Matilda’ ‘Jaws’ Task 7 Add capitals and single inverted commas to the titles below. 1. Did you see coronation street last night? 2. I read the tulip touch by Ann Fine. 3. My mum buys bella magazine every week. 27