Download Biology EOC Voc Review

1 Abiotic factor
Acid precipitation
Adaptive radiation
Artificial selection
Autotroph
Biogeochemical
cycle
Competition
Consumers
Hit List - Biology Warm Up Vocabulary
Nonliving parts of an organism’s environment; temperature, moisture, light and soil are
examples
Rain, snow, sleet, or fog with a pH below 7; causes deterioration of forest, lakes, statues,
and buildings
Divergent evolution in which ancestral species evolve into an array of species to fit a
number of diverse habitats
Process of breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with the
same traits
Organisms that use energy from the sun or energy stored in chemical compounds to
manufacture their own nutrients
The exchanging of chemical elements between organisms and the abiotic environment
Interaction among organisms that require the same resource.
Heterotrophs in a biotic environment that feed on other organisms or organic wastes
Organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, that break down and absorb nutrients from dead
Decomposers
organisms
Interactions among populations in a community; the community’s physical
10 Ecosystem
surroundings, or abiotic factors
11 Extinct
When the last members of a species dies
The trapping of heat in the Earth’s troposphere, caused by increased levels of carbon
Greenhouse effect
dioxide near the Earth’s surface; the carbon dioxide is believed to act like a glass in a
greenhouse, allowing light to reach the Earth, but not allowing heat to escape
Habitat degradation Damage to habitat by air, water, and land pollution
Organisms that cannot make their own food and must feed on other organisms for
Heterotroph
energy and nutrients
Organism formed from a symbiotic association between fungus and a photosynthetic
Lichens
green alga
Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or
Limiting factors
distribution of organisms
Mechanism for change in populations; occurs when organisms with certain variations
Natural selection
survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to the next generation
Metabolic process in which bacteria use enzymes to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 )
Nitrogen fixation
into ammonia (NH3 )
Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other
Parasitism
species
Colonization of new land that is exposed by avalanches, volcanoes, or glaciers by
20 Primary succession
pioneer organism
21 Producer
Organism that uses the sun’s energy or chemical energy to make its own food
Recycling
Using something over
Orderly, natural changes, and species replacements that take place in ecosystem
Succession
communities over time
Rachel Carson
Ecology / wrote Silent Spring
Behavior
Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in its environment
Courtship behavior An instinctive behavior that males and females of a species carry out before mating
Estivation
State of reduced metabolism that occurs in animals living in conditions of intense heat
Geotropism
Plants response to gravity
Hibernation
30 Imprinting
31 Innate behavior
Instinct
Photoperiodism
Phototropism
Social behavior
Territoriality
Thigmotropism
Trial and error
learning
Jane Goodall
40 Lorenz
41 Pavlov
Active transport
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic
respiration
ATP
Cell
Cell respiration
Cell Wall
Characteristics
50 Chemosynthesis
51 Chloroplasts
Dehydration
Diffusion
Enzymes
Glucose
Hydrolysis
Lactic acid
Lipid
State of reduced metabolism occurring in animals that sleep though cold winter
conditions; and animal’s temperature drops, oxygen consumption decreases, and
breathing rate declines
Learned behavior in which an animal, at a specific critical time of its life, forms a social
attachment to another object; usually occurs early in life and allows an animal to
recognize its mother and others in its species
An inherited, genetically based behavior in animals
Complex innate behavior pattern that begins when an animal recognizes a stimulus and
performs an action until all parts of the behavior have been formed
Flowering plant response to differences in the length of day and night
The growth responses of a plant to light
Behavior among animals that live in groups composed of individuals that are dependent
on one another and with whom they have evolve mechanisms of communication
Physical space an animal defends against other members of its species; may contain an
animal’s breeding area, feeding area, potential mates, or all three
Changes in plant growth stimulated by contact with another object; ex. Vines climbing
on a fence
Type of learning in which an animal receives reward for making a particular response
Studied Behaviors / chimps
Introduced imprinting with baby geese
Introduced classical conditioning with the use of dog- salivating to a bell
Energy-expending process by which cells transport materials across the cell membrane
against a concentration gradient
Chemical reactions that require the presence of oxygen
Chemical reactions that do NOT require the presence of oxygen
(Adenosine triphosphate) energy-storing molecule in cells; composed of an adenosine
molecule, a ribose sugar and 3 phosphates
Basic unit of all organisms
Chemical process where mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP
Firm, fairly rigid structure locate outside the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, most
bacteria, and some protists; provides support and protection
Traits of an organism
Autotrophic process where organisms obtain energy from the breakdown of inorganic
compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen
Chlorophyll-containing cell organelles found in the cells of green plants and some
protists
Loss of water in a reaction
Net, random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration
Type of protein found in all living things that increases the rate of chemical reactions.
Catalysts
6 carbon compound / sugar ; energy containing molecule
Addition of water in a reaction
It forms when oxygen is not available for the complete breakdown of glucose
Organic compounds commonly called fats and oils; insoluble in water and used by cells
for long-term energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings, such as in membranes
Eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles that transforms energy stored in food molecules
into ATP
Organic compound Compounds that contain Carbon
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the
Osmosis
concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane
The removal of electrons from a compound during a chemical reaction. For a carbon
Oxidation
atom, the fewer the number of H bonded to a carbon, the greater the oxidation state of
the atom.
Movement of particles across cell membranes by diffusion or osmosis; the cell uses no
Passive transport
energy to move to particles
pH
Measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
Process by which autotrophs trap energy from sunlight with chlorophyll and use the
Photosynthesis
energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars (glucose)
Polymer
Large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together
Polysaccharide
A carbohydrate molecule consisting of monosaccharide units
Nonmembrane-bound organelles in the nucleus where enzymes and other proteins are
Ribosome
assembled
Membrane-bound fluid- filled space in the cytoplasm of plant cells used for the
Vacuole
temporary storage of materials
Water
Inorganic compound essential for life; makes up 70% of all living things
Fleming
Discovered penicillin (1928)
Questioned spontaneous generation through experiments with maggots and flies
Redi
developing on decaying matter
Proved that microorganisms appear only as contaminants from air and are not
Pasteur
spontaneously generated
Hooke
Discovered and named cells
A procedure for obtaining fetal cells by withdrawing a sample of fluid that surrounds a
Amniocentesis
developing fetus using a hypodermic needle and syringe
Triplet of nucleotides in tRNA that recognizes and base pairs with a particular codon in
Anticodon
mRNA
Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation
Chromosomes
to generation of cells
Convergent
Evolution in which distantly related organisms evolve similar traits; occurs when
evolution
unrelated species occupy similar environments
A mating between two individuals that differ in two genetically-determined traits; ex.
Dihybrid cross
Wrinkled & green X smooth & yellow
Deoxyribonucleic acid; double-stranded polynucleotide comprised of deoxyribose
DNA
(sugar), phosphate, and 1 of 4 bases; genetic material in all organisms except certain
viruses
The pattern of DNA fragments produced after treating a sample of DNA with a
DNA Fingerprinting
particular restriction enzyme and separating the fragments by gel electrophoresis
Dominant
Observed trait of an organism that masks the recessive form of a trait
Genetic disorder in humans characterized by distinct facial appearance and mental
Down syndrome
retardation, resulting from an extra copy of the 21st chromosome
Evolution
Gradual accumulation of adaptations over time
Gametic cell
Sex cells, sperm and eggs
Method of cutting DNA from one organism and inserting the DNA fragment into a host
Genetic engineering
organism of the same or different species
Genetics
Branch of biology that studies heredity
Mitochondria
60
61
70
71
80
81
Heterozygous
Homozygous
When there are two different alleles for a trait ex. Tt
When there are two identical alleles for a trait
ex. TT or tt
Chart of metaphase chromosome pairs arranged according to length and location of the
90 Karyotype
centromere; used to pinpoint unusual chromosome numbers in cells
Type of cell division where one body cell produces 4 gametes; each containing half the
91 Meiosis
number of chromosomes as a parent’s body cell
Period of nuclear division in which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a
Mitosis
complete set of chromosomes; 1 body cell produces 2 body cells
mRNA
RNA that transports information from DNA in the nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm
Any agent that can cause a change in DNA; high energy radiation, chemicals, high
Mutagen
temperatures
Mutation
Any change or random error in a DNA sequence
Subunits of nucleic acid formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen
Nucleotide
base
Pedigrees
A graphic representation of genetic inheritance used by geneticists to map genetic traits
Evolutionary history of a species based on comparative relationships of structures and
Phylogeny
comparisons of modern life forms with fossils
Protein synthesis
The process of making proteins using RNA to transcribe and translate DNA
100 Recessive
Trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait
A genetic disorder in which the beta globin genes of adult hemoglobin molecules
101 Sickle cell anemia
contain an amino acid substitution which alters the ability of hemoglobin to transport
oxygen
Sex-linked
Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes
Pattern of reproduction that involves the production and subsequent fusion of haploid
Sexual reproduction
sex cells
Somatic cell
Body cell
tRNA
RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins
Transcription
Process in the cell nucleus where enzymes make an RNA copy of a DNA strand
Translation
Process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein
Body structure that has no function in a present day organism but was probably useful to
Vestigial organs
an ancestor; provides evidence for evolution
Darwin
Founder of evolutionary theory- natural selection
110 Lamarck
Introduced theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics
111 Mendel
Father of genetics
Watson & Crick
Discovered structure of DNA
Amino acid
Basic building blocks of protein molecules
Flowering plant; any plant having its seeds surrounded by fruit tissue formed form the
Angiosperm
mature ovary of a flower
Anthers
Pollen-producing structure located at the tip of a flower’s stamen
Bacteria
Single-celled prokaryotic organism
Blood types
A, B, AB, O
Bryophyte
Nonvascular plant
Calories
Unit of heat used to measure the energy content of food
Uncontrolled cell division that may be caused by environmental factors and/or changes
120 Cancer
in enzyme production in the cell cycle
121 Carbohydrates
Organic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of C, H, O
Carcinogen
A cancer-containing agent
Development
All the changes that take place during the life of an organism
Dichotomous key
Digestive system
Exoskeleton
Fat
Filaments
Homeostasis
130 Hormones
131 Inhalation
Lungs
Lymphatic system
Mammal
Mammary glands
Metabolism
Motor neuron
Nerve impulse
Ovaries
140 Paramecium
141 Phloem
Phylum / phyla
Physiology
Pistils
Plant
Pollen grain
Pollination
Protein
Reflex
150 Scientific name
151 Sensory neuron
Spinal cord
Stomata
Testes
Transpiration
Uterus
Virus
A two-step way of classifying an organism
A system of specialized organs that ingests food, converts nutrients to a form that can be
distributed throughout the animals body, and eliminates undigested residues.
Hard, waxy coating on the outside of some animals; provides support, protects soft body
tissues, and provides a place for muscle attachment
A triglyceride consisting of 3 fatty acids joined by a glycerol
The stalk of a stamen of angiosperms, with the anther at its tip.
Organism’s regulation of its internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for
survival
Chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part, where it
causes a physiological change
Breathing in
The organs of terrestrial animals where gas exchange occurs
Network of fluid-carrying vessels and associated organs that participate in immunity and
the return of tissue fluid to the main circulation
A class of vertebrates that possesses skin covered with hair and that nourishes their
young with milk from mammary glands
Milk-producing glands in mammals
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Nerve cells which carry out-going impulses to their effectors, either glands or muscles
A propagated action potential
In animals, the egg-producing gonad of the female. In flowering plants, the enlarged
base of the pistil. In which seeds develop
Single celled protists- animal- like characteristics- cilia surround the cell
Vascular plant tissue composed of tubular cells joined end to end; transports sugars from
the leaves to all parts of the plant
The major taxonomic divisions in the animal kingdom
The branch of biology that studies how living things function
Female reproductive structure of a flower; bottom portion forms the ovary
Multicellular, autotrophic organism able to manufacture food through photosynthesis
Capsule that contain plant sperm
Transfer of male pollen grains to the pistil of a flower
Large, complex polymer essential to all life composed of C, H, O, N and usually S;
provides structure for tissues and organs and helps carry out cell metabolism
Simple, automatic response in an animal that involves no conscious control; usually acts
to protect and animal from serious injury
A 2 part name of an organism that all scientists recognize
Neurons which relay impulses to the central nervous system
A centralized mass of neurons for processing neurological messages and linking the
brain with that part of the peripheral nervous system not reached by cranial nerves
Openings in the cuticle of a leaf epidermis that control gas exchange for respiration and
photosynthesis
In animals, the sperm-producing gonad of the male
In plants, the loss of water through leaf stomata by evaporation
In females, the hollow, muscular organ in which the offspring of placental mammals
develop
Disease-causing, nonliving particles composed of an inner core of nucleic acids
surrounded by a protein capsid; replicate inside living cells called host cells
Vitamins
Xylem
160 Yeast
Charles Drew
Linnaeus
163 Jenner
Organic nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and metabolism; either
fat-soluble or fat-insoluble vitamins
Vascular plant tissue composed of tubular cells that transport water and minerals from
the roots to the rest of the plant
Unicellular fungus that forms colonies similar to those of bacteria
Blood bank
Naturalist and father of taxonomy
Injected material from cow pox into arm of uninfected boy to show vaccination