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EARTH’S BIOMES & ECOSYSTEMS VOCABUL ARY • Producer – also called autotroph, plants and many singlecelled organisms that make their own food, often using energy from the sun • Consumer – many living things that consume other living things to get food • Decomposer – fungi and many bacteria that break down dead organisms or the wastes of other organisms • Photosynthesis – process where plants use energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make sugars • Chloroplast – an organelle in plants where photosynthesis takes place • Chlorophyll – a green pigment in chloroplasts that capture energy from sunlight • Adenine Triphosphate (ATP) – energy stored that powers may of the chemical reactions in a cell • Cellular Respiration – process of breaking down food to produce ATP • Ecosystem – community of living organisms and their nonliving environment • Habitat – place where an organism lives within an ecosystem • Microhabitats – the smallest habitats • Niche – position or role a species has in an ecosystem • Herbivore – consumer that eats only plants • Carnivore – consumer that only eats other animals • Omnivore – consumer that eats both plants and animals • Scavenger – consumer that feeds on dead organisms • Food Chain – path of energy transfer from producers to consumers • Food Web – shows the feeding relationship among many different organisms • Energy Pyramid – tool that can be used to trace the slow of energy through an ecosystem • Nitrogen Cycle – movement of nitrogen between the environment and living things • Nitrogen Fixation – process where nitrogen gas changes into forms that plants can use • Carbon Cycle – the movement of carbon through and between organisms and the physical environment • Biome – region of Earth where climate determines the types of plants that live there • Wetland – area of land that is saturated with water for at least part of the year • Estuary – partially enclosed body of water formed where a river flows into an ocean • Immigration – when individuals join a population • Emigration – when individuals leave a population • Carrying Capacity – the maximum number of individuals of one species that the environment can support • Limiting Factor – a part of the environment that keeps a population’s size at a level below its full potential • Competition – when two or more individuals or populations try to use the same limited resource • Cooperation – when individuals work together • Eutrophication – process in which organic matter and nutrients slowly build up in a body of water • Succession – slow development or replacement of an ecological community over time • Pioneer Species – the first organisms to live in an uninhabited area • Biodiversity – number and variety of species that are present in an area