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Animal Behavior
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. After starlings build a nest, they add branches with living leaves
a. as a form of camouflage against predators.
b. as a form of insulation.
c. to repel parasites.
d. to prevent other birds from using the nest.
e. for reasons that are currently unknown.
2. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Behavior patterns are inherited.
b. Instinctive behavior involves a complete response to a key stimulus the first time it is
encountered.
c. Behavior evolved as a result of natural selection.
d. Reproductive success is responsible for perpetuating behavior patterns.
e. The mechanisms underlying instinctive and learned behavior are the same.
3. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Behavior is controlled by the environmental stimuli an organism receives.
b. Behavior is partially genetic so that it undergoes natural selection and evolution.
c. Behavior refers only to responses to external stimuli.
d. Behavior sometimes is nonadaptive.
e. Behavior patterns can be learned.
4. All but which of the following statements concerning behavior are true?
a. The knee-jerk reflex is a behavior.
b. A behavior such as a complex courtship ritual is encoded by a single gene.
c. Behaviors are products of natural selection.
d. Behaviors are adaptive.
5. Recent studies in humans have shown there is a close relationship between poor nutrition and poor learning
ability. These studies suggest that
a. there is only a minor genetic component to learned behavior.
b. behavior is modified by the environment.
c. learning is adaptive.
d. learning is instinctive.
6. Of the following, which is NOT a behavior?
a. contraction of muscle
b. enzymatic breakdown of food
c. salivation
d. breathing
7. Behavior is the result of
a. neural networks.
b. hormonal interactions.
c. genetic predisposition.
d. environmental cues.
e. all of these
8. Melatonin specifically controls or interacts to control
a. the growth of the gonads of birds.
b. migration.
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c. sexual behavior patterns.
d. singing and territorial behavior.
e. all of these
Motor activity and metabolic rates associated with biological clocks are coordinated by
a. thyroxin secreted by the thyroid gland.
b. melatonin secreted by the pineal gland.
c. a magnetic sense that is attuned to variations in Earth's magnetic field.
d. pheromones released by the dominant animal of the group.
e. all of these
Birds sing
a. because they are inherently happy.
b. only for species recognition.
c. as a way to declare territory.
d. only during courtship.
Which of the following statements about white-throated sparrows is false?
a. There is a region of a bird's brain called the song system.
b. In young males, the level of estrogen is higher than in young females.
c. The syrinx is the vocal organ of songbirds.
d. The two female hormones, estrogen and progesterone, induce the differences in males and
females.
e. All that is necessary for a bird to sing is the masculinization of the brain.
The cells surrounding milk-producing cells in the female mammary gland contract shortly after the female
hears the cry of an infant. This is an example of
a. a response that is not a behavior.
b. instinctive behavior.
c. imprinting behavior.
d. learned behavior.
To get a young baby to smile, simply present a
a. parent's smiling face.
b. parent's nonsmiling face.
c. person's face or a mask.
d. picture of a face.
e. representation of a face, so long as it has two recognizable eyes.
Learned behavior is recognizable by the __________ the animal makes in its responses.
a. fixed patterns
b. changes
c. stereotyping
d. repetitions
e. false starts
In classical conditioning,
a. two different stimuli elicit the same response.
b. two different stimuli elicit two different responses.
c. one stimulus elicits one response.
d. one stimulus elicits two different responses.
The principal difference between classical Pavlovian conditioning and operant conditioning is
a. that one uses a reinforcing stimulus and the other does not.
b. that one presents the reinforcing stimulus before the response and the other one after.
c. that one uses a bell as a reinforcing stimulus and the other one uses an instrument.
d. that a satiety center is involved in one and an aggression center in the other.
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e. all of these
A child grabs a dog's ear, and the dog responds by biting the child. Both behaviors are repeated once again the
next day, and again a day later. The child never grabs a dog's ear again. This sequence of events is an example
of
a. insight learning.
b. latent learning.
c. operant conditioning.
d. imprinting.
Horticulturists use periodic discharges of loud sounds to scare birds away from their fruit trees. After several
days birds can be seen ignoring the sounds due to
a. habituation.
b. imprinting.
c. conditioning.
d. insight learning.
e. instinct.
Humans, and other primates , differ from most animals in their ability to learn by
a. conditioning.
b. imprinting.
c. habituation.
d. insight.
e. latent learning.
Konrad Lorenz is noted for his studies on
a. prenatal marking.
b. mating behavior.
c. imprinting.
d. habituation.
e. insight learning.
Imprinting is a
a. response to a stimulus.
b. learned behavior that occurs during a critical time period.
c. fixed action potential.
d. decline in the level of a response to a nonthreatening stimulus.
Newly hatched goslings follow any large moving objects to which they are exposed shortly after hatching.
This is an example of
a. homing behavior.
b. imprinting.
c. piloting.
d. migration.
e. none of these
Which of the following is initiated before birth or hatching?
a. imprinting
b. habituation
c. classic conditioning
d. operant conditioning
e. none of these
Which of the following is false?
a. Imprinting can be learned only during a limited time span.
b. Bird song can be learned only during a limited time span.
c. For a bird to be able to sing the song of its species, it must have heard it.
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d. Instinctive behavior has adaptive value.
e. In explaining a behavioral trait, it is better to use an approach based upon a species
benefiting rather than an individual benefiting.
Bird song
a. has to be heard before a bird can sing it.
b. is learned during early life.
c. is specific for each bird species.
d. has a genetic component.
e. all of these
Which of the following statements is false?
a. Territorial pairs of ravens feed silently.
b. Single nonterritorial ravens proclaim the discovery of a food source.
c. Sexual selection through competition for mates leads to evolutionary change.
d. Reproductive success is based upon the same criteria for both sexes.
e. Males that do not have territorial or sexual status sometimes employ strategies that allow
them to mate.
Altruistic behavior is
a. selfish.
b. sexually directed behavior.
c. self-sacrificing behavior.
d. aggressive behavior.
e. nonreactive, such as freezing at the sign of danger.
Which of the following behavior patterns is limited to the most highly evolved forms?
a. imprinting
b. insight learning
c. habituation
d. operant conditioning
e. classical conditioning
The example used to demonstrate that Darwinian natural selection explains some behavioral traits better than
does group selection is
a. the dilution effect in wildebeest and zebra populations.
b. siblicide among egrets.
c. courtship behavior in albatrosses.
d. the dispersal of Norwegian lemmings when population densities became extremely high.
e. all of these
Altruism in animals other than humans is
a. probably a perception by human observers.
b. gene-based.
c. a conscious effort to preserve the species.
d. just lucky behavior.
Pheromones are
a. used in nonverbal communication.
b. found only in the invertebrates.
c. signals to members of other species.
d. types of internal hormones that control maturation.
Pheromones are advantageous because
a. they work in the dark.
b. they are often unique to individual species.
c. only small amounts are needed.
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d. they do not trigger a response in other species.
e. all of these
Even though the termite can detect the scent of an invading ant, this is not considered a form of
communication between termite and ant for which of the following reasons?
a. The scent is not sufficient to cause a response in the termite.
b. Communication must benefit both the signaler and the receiver.
c. The ant does realize it is giving off a scent.
d. The scent is not sufficient to cause a response in the termite; and Communication must
benefit both the signaler and the receiver.
e. The scent is not sufficient to cause a response in the termite; Communication must benefit
both the signaler and the receiver; and The ant does realize it is giving off a scent.
Which scientist won the Nobel Prize for his research on the behavior of bees and the discovery of the way
bees communicated the location of a food source?
a. Karl von Frish
b. Nicholas Tinbergen
c. Konrad Lorenz
d. Skinner
e. Pavlov
Which of the following communication signals is mismatched?
a. tactile-honeybees
b. acoustical-frogs
c. visual-baboons
d. chemical or olfactory-termites and honeyflies
e. chemical or olfactory-albatrosses
Which of the following is false?
a. Yawning by a baboon is a threat signal.
b. Threat displays evolve through natural selection.
c. Threat displays benefit both the sender and the receiver.
d. Of necessity, visual displays are brief, direct, and obvious.
e. Some predatory fireflies use light flashes to attract a male firefly for predation.
Many zoos have reported cases of animals attempting to mate with individuals of different species. It appears
that the animals have imprinted on an inappropriate species. These cases indicate that
a. imprinting has a genetic basis.
b. insight learning is necessary for species recognition.
c. a behavior that is adaptive in one environment may be maladaptive in another.
d. conditioned reflexes can cause extinction of imprinted behaviors.
In many bird and mammal species, males compete for females, but females do NOT compete for males
because
a. males are larger than females.
b. females are larger than males.
c. females produce fewer gametes than males do.
d. females compete for territory.
All but which of the following are disadvantages to sociality?
a. predator avoidance
b. cannibalism
c. food depletion
d. contagious diseases
e. parasite infestation
____ 40. The presence of the strongest competitors in the center of a group of animals may qualify the group for status
as a(n)
a. altruistic society.
b. selfish herd.
c. kin group.
d. dominance hierarchy.
____ 41. Which of the following features of territoriality is NOT an advantage?
a. Territorial behavior enables a male to attract a mate.
b. Territoriality requires a male to place himself at risk.
c. Territoriality ensures an adequate food supply.
d. Territoriality limits the size of a population and its impact upon its environment.
____ 42. Which of the following statements concerning subordinate behavior as exemplified by interactions among
members of wolf packs is true?
a. It is gradually being removed by natural selection.
b. It is adaptive.
c. It is self-sacrificing.
d. It is inexplicable in terms of reproductive success.
____ 43. Whatever the motivation of self-sacrificing behavior on the part of nonhuman animals is, we know it is NOT
a. genetic.
b. the result of selection.
c. derived from conscious reasoning.
d. a result of dominance hierarchy.
____ 44. Parental support of offspring is an example of
a. artificial selection.
b. kin selection.
c. natural selection.
d. negative selection.
e. stabilizing selection.
____ 45. A bird in a forest sees a falcon and issues an alarm call. As a result of this communication, the falcon is able
to orient toward the caller and subsequently capture it. However, calling behavior does NOT disappear in the
prey species because
a. the behavior is not acted on by natural selection.
b. of the advantage of kin selection.
c. calling behavior is genetically based, and mutations constantly occur to produce it.
d. some of the time, predatory birds such as falcons do not capture the caller.
____ 46. Indirect selection refers to
a. predators.
b. dominance hierarchy.
c. altruistic behavior.
d. the development of harems.
e. symbiotic organisms.
____ 47. If an individual for whatever reason cannot pass on its genes to offspring, the best alternative is to show
altruism to
a. relatives.
b. strangers.
c. neighbors.
d. other species.
____ 48. In highly integrated insect societies,
a. natural selection favors individual behaviors that lead to greater diversity among members
of the society.
b. there is scarcely any division of labor.
c. cooperative behavior predominates.
d. patterns of behavior are flexible, and learned behavior predominates.
e. all of these
____ 49. Naked mole-rat colonies of 25 to 300 individuals
a. are characterized by only one fertile female and two to four fertile males.
b. show a high level of inbreeding.
c. demonstrate a high degree of genetic diversity among different colonies
d. can be genetically characterized by comparing samples of DNA molecules of various
individuals by genetic fingerprinting.
e. all of these
____ 50. Only in judging human behaviors does the concept of "__________" supplant "adaptation."
a. self-sacrifice
b. altruism
c. judgment
d. morality
Animal Behavior
Answer Section
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