Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
JECET; June 2016- August 2016; Sec. A; Vol.5. No.3, 558-561. E-ISSN: 2278–179X Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering & Technology An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences and Technology Available online at www.jecet.org Section A: Environmental Science Review Article Quantification of Heavy Metals in Plants Grown in Industrial Area of Mysuru City, India Shiva Kumar D, Srikantaswamy S and Abhilash M R Department of Studies in Environmental Science, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru-570 006. Karnataka Received: 04 July 2016; Revised: 20 July 2016; Accepted: 25 July 2016 Abstract: Heavy metals are natural constituents of the environment, but indiscriminate usefor human purposes has altered their geochemical cycles and biochemical balance. These results in excess release of heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc etc. intonatural resources like the soil and aquatic environments. Prolonged exposure and higheraccumulation of such heavy metals can have deleterious health effects on human life andaquatic biota. The role of microorganisms and plants in biotransformation of heavy metalsinto nontoxic forms is well-documented, and understanding the molecular mechanism ofmetal accumulation has numerous biotechnological implications for bioremediation of metal-contaminated sites. In view of this, the present review investigates the abilities ofmicroorganisms and plants in terms of tolerance and degradation of heavy metals. Keywords: Hevy metals, Toxicity, Industrial area, Bio-accumulation, Mysuru. INTRODUCTION The rapid increases in industrialization have not been accompanied by increases in the treatment and disposal of the hazardous wastes they produce and this has resulted in huge environmental problems. The bulk of the hazardous wastes generated have been dumped into the ocean, rivers, canals, any drainage systems and landfills1. In addition, many chemicals used as additives to benefit agricultural activities such as lime, fertilizers, manures, herbicides, fungicides and irrigation waters are also 558 JECET; June 2016- August 2016; Sec. A; Vol.5. No.3, 558-561. Quantification… Shiva Kumar et al. sources of heavy metals (HMs)2. Slow depletion of heavy metals also takes place through leaching, plant uptake,erosion and deflation. The indiscriminate release of heavy metals into the soil and waters is a majorhealth concern worldwide, as they cannot be broken down to non-toxic forms and therefore havelong-lasting effects on the ecosystem. Many of them are toxic even at very low concentrations&are not only cytotoxic butalso carcinogenic and mutagenic in nature. Some metals are required by plants in very small amountsfor their growth and optimum performance. However, the increasing concentration of several metals in soiland waters due to industrial revolution has created an alarming situation for human life and aquatic biota. This is evident from various reports citing harmful effects of heavy metals on human health. Alternately, biological methods like biosorption and/or bioaccumulation for removal of heavy metals may be an attractive alternative to physico-chemical methods. Use of microorganisms and plants forremediation purposes is thus a possible solution for heavy metal pollution since it includes sustainableremediation technologies to rectify and re-establish the natural condition of soil. However, introductionof heavy metals into the soil causes considerable modification of the microbial community, despite theirvital importance for the growth of microorganisms at relatively low concentrations. Types of Bioremediation: There are two approaches to bioremediation (i) In situ bioremediation involves the treatment of contaminantswhere they are located. In this case the microorganismscome into direct contact with the dissolved and sorbed contaminants and use them as substrates for transformation.Since the in situ process is slow, it is not the best approach when immediate site cleanup is desired. (ii) Ex situbioremediation is a different approach that utilizes speciallyconstructed treatment facility. It is more expensive than insitu bioremediation3. MATERIALS AND METHODS The soil samples were collected at different points of the industrial zone of Mysuru city, India. The soil and plant samples are collected and dried in sunlight. Soil samples and plants were dried with the help of oven in the laboratory and then ground in an agate mortar and pestle to pass through a 0.5 mm stainless steel sieve. Then they were stored in polythene covers at room temperature. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Generally, according to the earlier researchers, phytoremediation is defined as an emerging technology using selected plants to clean up the contaminated environment from hazardous contaminant to improve the environment quality. Heavy metals are among the most important sorts of contaminant in the environment. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective. Several studies have described the performance of heavy metals uptake by plants. It is reported that phytoremediation technology is an alternative to treat heavy-metal-contaminated side which will be more admitted in order to remediate the environment. The metal discharging process in to soil environment in industrial areas is a common practice. By the metal mobility and climatic condition together results in metal accumulation in the soil and plant body. The pH of the soil initially decides the mobility of the metals. Here the whole plant body was 559 JECET; June 2016- August 2016; Sec. A; Vol.5. No.3, 558- 561 Quantification… Shiva Kumar et al. taken and grinded for the analysis. In some of the research papers they distinguished in to stem, root, and leaf etc.4. The pH of the soil was measured about 6.8. Whereas the plant body measured little low due to the acidic condition. Due to acidic condition of the plant body it leads to the rapid uptake of heavymetals5. The crushed part of the plant body measured the metal concentration comparatively high than in the soil environment. The results were tabulated in table 1. Depending on the type of industry, the different metal will discharged in to the soil environment through solid waste and hazardous wastes. During the disposal of hazardous wastes and solid wastes, the soluble metals will enter in to the environment in to respective oxides5. The metal concentration, transfer and accumulation of metals from soil to roots, stem and leaf was evaluated through Biological Concentration Factor (BCF). This is an index of the ability of the plant to accumulate a particular metal with respect to its concentration in the soil. Translocation Factor (TF) was described as ratio of heavy metals in plant shoot to that in the plant root. The TF value will be higher for those plants which retain the metal in roots without translocating to aerial parts of the plant body. Vegetative Uptake is affected by the environmental conditions6. The temperature affects growth substances and consequently roots length. Root structure under field conditions differs from that under greenhouse condition. The success of phytoremediation, more specifically phytoextraction, depends on a contaminant-specific hyper accumulator7. Understanding mass balance analyses and the metabolic fate of pollutants in plants are the keys to proving the applicability of phytoremediation. Metal uptake by plants depends on the bioavailability of the metal in the water phase, which in turn depends on the retention time of the metal, as well as the interaction with other elements and substances in the water. Furthermore, when metals have been bound to the soil, the pH, redox potential, and organic matter content will all affect the tendency of the metal to exist in ionic and plant-available form. Plants will affect the soil through their ability to lower the pH and oxygenate the sediment, which affects the availability of the metals, increasing the bioavailability of heavy metals by the addition of biodegradable physicochemical factors, such as chelating agents and micronutrients Table 1: Heavy metal accumulation in soil and plant body (mg/kg) Samples pH Soil Echinochloacolona, L. Canna indica,L. Catharanthusroseus(L.) G.Don Physalisminima,L. Cleome viscose,L. Acalyphaindica,L. 6.8 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.1 6.7 6.2 Zinc (Zn) 98 110 139 148 124 156 126 Lead (Pb) 36 38 39 39 36 32 40 Cadmium (Cd) 12 10 21 18 18 19 09 Chromium (Cr) 52 32 46 68 67 52 50 Copper (Cu) 41 38 52 42 40 22 51 CONCLUSION Industrialization and extraction of natural resources haveresulted in large scale environmental contamination andpollution. Bioremediation is an innovative and promising technology available for removal of heavy metals andrecovery of the heavy metals in polluted water and lands. Since microorganisms have developed variousstrategies for their survival in heavy metal-polluted habitats, these organisms are known to develop andadopt different detoxifying mechanisms such as 560 JECET; June 2016- August 2016; Sec. A; Vol.5. No.3, 558- 561 Quantification… Shiva Kumar et al. biosorption, bioaccumulation, biotransformation and biomineralization, which can be exploited for bioremediation either ex situ or in situ . A globalsurvey to examine the use of bioremediation technologies for addressing the environmental problemswas carried out. Developed economies made higheruse of low-cost in situ bioremediation technologies such as monitored natural attenuation, while theirdeveloping counterparts appeared to focus on occasionally more expensive ex situ technologies. The present study reveals the accumulation of heavy metals in the plant body in industrial area. The analyzed metals concentration were comparatively high than the soil environment. This indicates the mobility and uptake of metal in the soil environment. Since these plants having the ability of accumulating the heavy metals, we could use these plants for phytoremediation process for removal of heavy metal. REFERENCE 1. B.A.Zarcinas, P. Pongsakul, M.J. McLaughlin andG. Cozens, Heavy metals in soils and crops in Southeast Asia. 2. Thailand. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2004, 26, 3-4, 359-371. 2. U. M.Haq, K.H. Puno, A.R.Khattak and S.SAIF, Contamination of the agricultural land due to industrial activities in Karachi (Sindh). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2003, 5, 2, 150-153. 3. K.Satinder, M. Brar, R. Y.Verma, K.Surampalli, R. D. Mishra, N.Tyagi, Meunier and J.F. Blais, Bioremediation of Hazardous Waste – A Review, Prac.Period. Hazard Radioactive. Waste Management 2006, 10:59 -72 4. V.Subhashini and A.V.V.S. Swamy, Uptake of heavy metals from contaminated soils by cyperusRotundus L, International Journal of Engineering and Science Research, 2013, 3, 7, 338-341 5. D.Shiva Kumar and S.Srikantaswamy, Factors Affecting on Mobility of Heavy Metals in Soil Environment International Journal for Scientific Research & Development,2014, 2, 03, 2321-0613 6. Smolders, E., R.M. Lambregts, M.J. McLaughlin and K.G. Tiller. (1998). Effect of soil solution chloride on cadmium availability to Swiss Chand. 1998,J. Environ. Qual. 27: 426-431. 7. Zhu, B. and A.K. Alva, Trace metal and cation transport in a sandy soil with various amendments. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.J.57:1993, 723-727. SAC 851. Corresponding author: Shiva Kumar D; Department of Studies in Environmental Science, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, 561 JECET; June 2016- August 2016; Sec. A; Vol.5. No.3, 558- 561