Download 2008 Through Ch. 10 (2 pts Ea. 300 pts total)

TrekNorth High School
AP Psyhology
Mid-Term Exam: 2008 Through Ch. 10 (2 pts Ea. 300 pts total)
1. By presenting research participants with three
rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a
second, Sperling demonstrated that people have
________ memory.
A) echoic
B) flashbulb
C) state-dependent
D) iconic
E) implicit
2. When all three types of cones are stimulated
at once, a person will see:
A) black. B) brown. C) gray. D) white.
3. Escape from an aversive stimulus is a
________ reinforcer.
A) positive
B) negative
C) secondary
D) partial
E) delayed
4. When Rick learned that many students had
received a failing grade on the midterm exam, he
was no longer disappointed by his C grade. His
experience best illustrates the importance of:
A) perceptual adaptation.
B) bottom-up processing.
C) relative clarity.
D) context effects.
E) interposition.
5. If a conclusion is consistent with our personal
opinion we often consider it valid, even if it
doesn't make logical sense. This is known as:
A) the availability heuristic.
B) linguistic relativity.
C) belief bias.
D) framing.
E) functional fixedness.
6. Which of the following provides evidence
that a CR is not completely eliminated during
extinction trials?
A) latent learning
B) partial reinforcement
C) spontaneous recovery
D) generalization
E) discrimination
7. Sounds and words that are not immediately
attended to can still be recalled a couple of
seconds later because of our ________ memory.
A) flashbulb
B) echoic
C) implicit
D) state-dependent
E) iconic
8. Which of the following correlations between
annual income and education level would best
enable you to predict annual income on the basis
of level of education?
A) +0.05
B) –0.01
C) +0.10
D) +0.50
E) –0.001
9. Brightness is to light as ________ is to sound.
A) pitch
B) loudness
C) frequency
D) amplitude
E) wavelength
10. To accurately infer cause and effect,
experimenters should use:
A) random assignment.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) standard deviations.
D) correlation coefficients.
E) scatterplots.
11. Sensation is to ________ as perception is to
________.
A) encoding; detection
B) detection; interpretation
C) interpretation; organization
D) organization; accommodation
E) threshold; transduction
12. A gestalt is best described as a(n):
A) binocular cue.
B) illusion.
C) perceptual adaptation.
D) organized whole.
E) perceptual set.
13. The most commonly reported measure of
central tendency is the:
A) mode.
B) mean.
C) normal distribution.
D) median.
E) standard deviation.
14. Wu believes that some murderers truly love
their own children; he also believes that all who
truly love their own children are effective
parents. Wu's negative attitude toward murderers
is so strong, however, that he finds it very
difficult to accept the logical conclusion that
some murderers are effective parents. His
difficulty best illustrates:
A) overconfidence.
B) the framing effect.
C) confirmation bias.
D) the availability heuristic.
E) belief bias.
15. Nerves are neural cables containing many:
A) hormones.
B) endorphins.
C) interneurons.
D) axons.
E) lesions.
16. After looking up his friend's phone number,
Alex was able to remember it only long enough
to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone
number was clearly stored in his ________
memory.
A) echoic
B) short-term
C) flashbulb
D) long-term
E) implicit
17. When her teacher mentioned the arms race,
Krista understood that the word “arms” referred
to weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct
interpretation best illustrates the importance of:
A) semantics.
B) the representativeness heuristic.
C) syntax.
D) morphemes.
E) prototypes.
18. It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for
a food reward than to flap its wings for a food
reward. This illustrates the importance of
________ in learning.
A) primary reinforcers
B) generalization
C) spontaneous recovery
D) biological predispositions
E) shaping
19. Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to
the sound of one particular tone and not to other
tones. This illustrates the process of:
A) shaping.
B) latent learning.
C) secondary reinforcement.
D) discrimination.
E) extinction.
20. In its early years, psychology focused on the
study of ________, but from the 1920s into the
1960s, American psychologists emphasized the
study of ________.
A) environmental influences; hereditary
influences
B) maladaptive behavior; adaptive behavior
C) unconscious motives; conscious thoughts and
feelings
D) mental processes; observable behavior
21. Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding
ceremony. After their painful divorce, however,
they began to remember the wedding as a
somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their
recollections best illustrate the nature of:
A) proactive interference.
B) memory construction.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the serial position effect.
E) repression.
22. A retention of skills and dispositions without
conscious recollection is known as ________
memory.
A) state-dependent
B) flashbulb
C) short-term
D) sensory
E) implicit
23. A correlation coefficient is a measure of the:
A) difference between the highest and lowest
scores in a distribution.
B) average squared deviation of scores from a
sample mean.
C) direction and strength of the relationship
between two variables.
D) statistical significance of a difference
between two sample means.
E) frequency of scores at each level of some
measure.
24. An experimenter plans to condition a dog to
salivate to a light by pairing the light with food.
The dog will learn to salivate to the light most
quickly if the experimenter presents the light:
A) five seconds before the food.
B) a half-second before the food.
C) at precisely the same time as the food.
D) a half-second after the food.
E) five seconds after the food.
25. The best evidence that 4-month-old infants
possess visual memory capabilities comes from
research on:
A) imprinting.
B) conservation.
C) the rooting reflex.
D) object permanence.
E) habituation and fixation time.
26. The steadily increasing size of the retinal
image of an approaching object is especially
important for perceiving the object's:
A) shape.
B) relative clarity.
C) motion.
D) height.
E) weight.
27. Individualism is to collectivism as ________
is to ________.
A) norm; role
B) nature; nurture
C) independence; interdependence
D) identical twin; fraternal twin
E) self-regulating; heritability
28. To assess the effect of televised violence on
aggression, researchers plan to expose one group
of children to violent movie scenes and another
group to nonviolent scenes. In order to reduce
the chance that the children in one group have
more aggressive personalities than those in the
other group, the researchers should make use of:
A) random assignment.
B) the double-blind procedure.
C) naturalistic observations.
D) operational definitions.
E) replication.
29. According to Erikson, trust is to ________
as identity is to ________.
A) infancy; childhood
B) childhood; adolescence
C) adulthood; childhood
D) adolescence; adulthood
E) infancy; adolescence
30. The physical consequences of fetal alcohol
syndrome include:
A) a larger-than-normal size brain.
B) abnormally small brain ventricles.
C) a higher-than-normal number of brain
convolutions.
D) abnormal brain neural migration.
31. Pat is normally very restless and fidgety,
whereas Shelley is usually quiet and easygoing.
The two children most clearly differ in:
A) intelligence.
B) gender schemas.
C) temperament.
D) physical health.
E) introversion level.
32. The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an
extinguished CR is called:
A) generalization.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) secondary reinforcement.
D) latent learning.
E) shaping.
33. Being able to ride a bicycle without
consciously paying attention to how to do so best
illustrates ________ memory.
A) semantic
B) explicit
C) flashbulb
D) implicit
E) sensory
34. Individualism is to collectivism as ________
is to ________.
A) responsibility; freedom
B) industrialization; democracy
C) heritability; temperament
D) self-flattery; personal modesty
E) pleasure principle; reality principle
35. The arithmetic average of a distribution of
scores is the:
A) mode.
B) median.
C) standard deviation.
D) mean.
E) range.
36. Professor Maslova has so many memories of
former students that she has difficulty
remembering the names of new students. The
professor's difficulty best illustrates:
A) retroactive interference.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) proactive interference.
D) the spacing effect.
E) source amnesia.
37. For a moment after hearing his dog's highpitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory
impression of the dog's yelp. His experience
most clearly illustrates ________ memory.
A) short-term
B) iconic
C) mood-congruent
D) implicit
E) echoic
38. In a drug treatment study, participants given
a pill containing no actual drug are receiving a:
A) random sample.
B) false consensus.
C) double-blind.
D) replication.
E) placebo.
39. Weber's law is relevant to an understanding
of:
A) absolute thresholds.
B) difference thresholds.
C) sensory adaptation.
D) sensory interaction.
E) parallel processing.
40. Six different high school students spent $10,
$13, $2, $12, $13, and $4, respectively, on
entertainment. The mode of this group's
entertainment expenditures is:
A) $9.
B) $10.
C) $11.
D) $12.
E) $13.
41. The awareness that things continue to exist
even when they are not perceived is known as:
A) attachment.
B) conservation.
C) assimilation.
D) object permanence.
E) habituation.
42. During the course of successful prenatal
development, a human organism begins as a(n):
A) embryo and finally develops into a zygote.
B) zygote and finally develops into an embryo.
C) embryo and finally develops into a fetus.
D) zygote and finally develops into a fetus.
E) fetus and finally develops into an embryo.
43. A European visitor to the United States
asked a taxi driver, “Can you please a ride to the
airport me give?” This visitor has apparently not
yet mastered the ________ of the English
language.
A) phonemes
B) syntax
C) semantics
D) phenotypes
E) nomenclature
44. Seven members of a Girl Scout troop report
the following individual earnings from their sale
of candy: $4, $1, $7, $6, $8, $2, and $7. In this
distribution of individual earnings:
A) the mean is equal to the mode and equal to
the median.
B) the mean is less than the mode and equal to
the median.
C) the mean is equal to the mode and greater
than the median.
D) the mean is greater than the mode and greater
than the median.
E) the mean is less than the mode and less than
the median.
45. The tendency to estimate that the letter “k”
appears more often as the first letter of words
than as the third letter best illustrates our use of:
A) the representativeness heuristic.
B) the availability heuristic.
C) prototypes.
D) algorithms.
E) semantics.
46. When 4-year-old Sarah saw her older
brother play a trumpet, she thought it was simply
a large whistle. Sarah's initial understanding of
the trumpet best illustrates the process of:
A) assimilation.
B) egocentrism.
C) conservation.
D) accommodation.
E) maturation.
47. During the last Central High School
basketball game, the starting five players scored
11, 7, 21, 14, and 7 points, respectively. For this
distribution of scores, the range is:
A) 7.
B) 11.
C) 12.
D) 14.
E) 21.
48. Contemporary psychology is best defined as
the science of:
A) conscious and unconscious mental activity.
B) observable responses to the environment.
C) behavior and mental processes.
D) thoughts, feelings, and perceptions.
E) maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.
49. A research method in which an investigator
manipulates factors that potentially produce a
particular behavior is called a(n):
A) survey.
B) experiment.
C) case study.
D) naturalistic observation.
E) correlational method.
50. When Mr. Adams calculated his students'
algebra test scores, he noticed that two students
had extremely low scores. Which measure of
central tendency is affected most by the scores of
these two students?
A) mean
B) standard deviation
C) mode
D) median
E) range
51. According to the opponent-process theory,
cells that are stimulated by exposure to
________ light are inhibited by exposure to
________ light.
A) red; blue
B) blue; green
C) yellow; green
D) red; blue
E) yellow; blue
52. Abdul has volunteered to participate in an
experiment evaluating the effectiveness of
aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know
whether the pills he takes during the experiment
contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The
investigators are apparently making use of:
A) naturalistic observation.
B) illusory correlation.
C) the double-blind procedure.
D) random sampling.
E) the false consensus effect.
53. An executive in a computer software firm
works with his office door closed. At the same
time every hour he opens the door to see what
his employees are doing. The employees have
learned to work especially hard during the five
minutes before and while the door is open. Their
work pattern is typical of responses that are
reinforced on a ________ schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) variable-ratio
D) variable-interval
54. Knowing the difference between an
experimental condition and a control condition is
most relevant to understanding the nature of:
A) correlations.
B) random sampling.
C) replication.
D) independent variables.
E) hindsight bias.
55. Watching the night sky for shooting stars is
likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) variable-interval
D) variable-ratio
56. The smallest distinctive sound unit of
language is a:
A) prototype.
B) phenotype.
C) morpheme.
D) phoneme.
E) babble.
57. Parents who are demanding and yet
sensitively responsive to their children are said
to be:
A) authoritarian.
B) conservative.
C) egocentric.
D) permissive.
E) authoritative.
58. Cones and rods are to vision as ________
are to audition.
A) eardrums
B) cochleas
C) oval windows
D) hair cells
E) semicircular canals
59. Questions about the extent to which secure
attachments are influenced by infant
temperament or by responsive parenting are most
directly relevant to the issue of:
A) continuity or stages.
B) stability or change.
C) nature or nurture.
D) egocentrism.
E) assimilation or theory of mind.
60. Some psychologists believe that rats develop
mental representations of mazes they have
explored. These representations have been
called:
A) primary reinforcers.
B) successive approximations.
C) discriminative stimuli.
D) cognitive maps.
E) intrinsic motivations.
61. In order to quickly teach a dog to roll over
on command, you would be best advised to use:
A) classical conditioning rather than operant
conditioning.
B) partial reinforcement rather than continuous
reinforcement.
C) latent learning rather than shaping.
D) immediate reinforcers rather than delayed
reinforcers.
E) negative reinforcers rather than positive
reinforcers.
62. Visual information is processed by:
A) feature detectors before it is processed by
rods and cones.
B) ganglion cells before it is processed by
feature detectors in the visual cortex.
C) bipolar cells before it is processed by rods
and cones.
D) feature detectors before it is processed by
bipolar cells.
E) the optic nerve before it is processed by
ganglion cells.
63. The next-in-line effect best illustrates:
A) encoding failure.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) automatic processing.
D) implicit memory.
E) source amnesia.
64. Which of the following is true of positive
and negative reinforcers?
A) Positive reinforcers decrease the rate of
operant responding; negative reinforcers increase
the rate of operant responding.
B) Positive reinforcers increase the rate of
operant responding; negative reinforcers
decrease the rate of operant responding.
C) Positive reinforcers increase the rate of
operant responding; negative reinforcers increase
the rate of operant responding.
D) Positive reinforcers have no effect on the rate
of operant responding; negative reinforcers
decrease the rate of operant responding.
E) Positive reinforcers increase the rate of
operant responding; negative reinforcers have no
effect on the rate of operant responding.
65. Lynnae is usually timid and fearful, whereas
her sister Eileen is typically relaxed and cheerful.
The two sisters are most strikingly different in:
A) brain maturation.
B) gender schemas.
C) intelligence.
D) physical health.
E) temperament.
66. Newborn infants typically prefer their
mother's voice over their father's voice because:
A) their rooting reflex is naturally triggered by
higher-pitched sounds.
B) they rapidly habituate to lower-pitched male
voices.
C) they become familiar with their mother's
voice before they are born.
D) they form an emotional attachment to their
mother during breast-feeding.
E) they have difficulty hearing lower-pitched
voices during the first few days after birth.
67. From a Freudian perspective, a type of
motivated forgetting in which anxiety-provoking
memories are blocked from conscious awareness
is known as:
A) retroactive interference.
B) proactive interference.
C) the spacing effect.
D) repression.
E) priming.
68. When an eyewitness to an auto accident is
asked to describe what happened, which test of
memory is being used?
A) reconstruction
B) recognition
C) rehearsal
D) recall
E) relearning
69. Following the scientific discovery that a
specific brain structure is significantly larger in
violent individuals than in those who are
nonviolent, a news headline announced:
“Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent
Acts.” The headline writer should most clearly
be warned about the dangers of:
A) perceiving illusory correlations.
B) explaining events in hindsight.
C) confusing correlation with causation.
D) generalizing from unrepresentative samples.
E) discerning order in random events.
70. The hue (or color) of light depends on its:
A) amplitude.
B) wavelength.
C) waveform.
D) intensity.
71. Hormones are the chemical messengers of
the:
A) cerebral cortex.
B) autonomic nervous system.
C) endocrine system.
D) limbic system.
E) reticular formation.
72. During the past month, Henri and Sylvia
each ate 10 candy bars, while Jerry ate 8, Tricia
ate 6, and Tahli ate only 1. The mean number of
candy bars eaten by these individuals was:
A) 3.
B) 5.
C) 7.
D) 8.
E) 10.
73. Our inability to consciously perceive all the
sensory information available to us at any single
point in time best illustrates the necessity of:
A) selective attention.
B) relative clarity.
C) retinal disparity.
D) perceptual constancy.
E) the phi phenomenon.
74. Myelin is missing at points along the axon.
These points are known as
A) terminals.
B) knobs.
C) transfer points.
D) thresholds
E) nodes of Ranvier.
75. Damage to the fovea would have the greatest
effect on:
A) night vision.
B) peripheral vision.
C) visual acuity.
D) sensory adaptation.
E) kinesthesis.
76. On the first day of class Professor Wallace
tells her geography students that pop quizzes will
be given at unpredictable times throughout the
semester. Clearly, studying for Professor
Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on
a ________ schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) variable-interval
D) variable-ratio
77. According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior
is controlled primarily by:
A) biological predispositions.
B) external influences.
C) emotions.
D) unconscious motives.
E) conscious thoughts.
78. The powerful survival impulse that leads
infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is
called:
A) attachment.
B) imprinting.
C) habituation.
D) assimilation.
E) the rooting reflex.
79. Both the researchers and the participants in a
memory study are ignorant about which
participants have actually received a potentially
memory-enhancing drug and which have
received a placebo. This investigation involves
the use of:
A) naturalistic observation.
B) the hindsight bias.
C) random sampling.
D) the double-blind procedure.
E) replication.
80. The American Psychological Association
and British Psychological Society have
developed ethical principles urging investigators
to:
A) avoid the use of monetary incentives in
recruiting people to participate in research.
B) forewarn potential research participants of
the exact hypotheses that the research will test.
C) avoid the manipulation of independent
variables in research involving human
participants.
D) explain the research to the participants after
the study has been completed.
E) increase the difficulty level of research
endeavors while maintaining validity.
81. In a study of the effects of alcohol
consumption, some participants drank a
nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and
tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was
a:
A) dependent variable.
B) replication.
C) placebo.
D) random sample.
E) double blind.
82. When an object is placed unseen in the left
hand of a split-brain patient, the person will:
A) not be able to describe it verbally.
B) be able to describe it verbally.
C) drop it.
D) become aphasic.
E) not realize they are holding or touching
anything
83. The inability to recall which numbers on a
telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is
most likely due to:
A) encoding failure.
B) the spacing effect.
C) retroactive interference.
D) source amnesia.
E) retrieval failure.
84. The first experimental studies of associative
learning involving dogs who salivated to lights,
bells, tones and other stimuli were conducted by:
A) John B. Watson.
B) B. F. Skinner.
C) Albert Bandura.
D) Ivan Pavlov.
E) Edward C.Tolman.
85. The retina is to the eye as the ________ is to
the ear.
A) auditory nerve
B) cochlea
C) auditory canal
D) eardrum
E) eustachian tube
86. Information is most quickly transmitted
from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the:
A) medulla.
B) corpus callosum.
C) angular gyrus.
D) limbic system.
E) reticular formation.
87. For purposes of effective child-rearing, most
psychologists favor the use of:
A) shaping over modeling.
B) reinforcement over punishment.
C) spontaneous recovery over extinction.
D) classical conditioning over operant
conditioning.
E) primary reinforcers over secondary
reinforcers.
88. Chunking refers to:
A) getting information into memory through the
use of visual imagery.
B) the organization of information into
meaningful units.
C) the unconscious encoding of incidental
information.
D) the tendency to recall best the first item in a
list.
E) the combined use of automatic and effortful
processing to ensure the retention of unfamiliar
information.
89. When most people stare at a red square and
then shift their eyes to a white surface, the
afterimage of the square is:
A) yellow.
B) red.
C) green.
D) blue.
E) white.
90. Morphemes are:
A) the smallest speech units that carry meaning.
B) the best examples of particular categories of
objects.
C) the smallest distinctive sound units of a
language.
D) rules for combining words into
grammatically correct sentences.
E) genetic roadmaps that lead to insight.
91. As the retinal image of a horse galloping
toward you becomes larger, it is unlikely that the
horse will appear to grow larger. This best
illustrates the phenomenon of:
A) visual capture.
B) size constancy.
C) closure.
D) convergence.
E) linear perspective.
92. During the past year, Zara and Ivan each
read 2 books, but George read 9, Ali read 12, and
Marsha read 25. The median number of books
read by these individuals was:
A) 2. B) 50. C) 10. D) 12. E) 9.
93. The ability to distinguish between a
conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do
not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called:
A) shaping.
B) acquisition.
C) discrimination.
D) generalization.
E) latent learning.
94. Variation is to central tendency as ________
is to ________.
A) range; median
B) median; mean
C) mode; mean
D) scatterplot; bar graph
E) correlation; scatterplot
95. The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's
tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone
mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial
inability to recall the title was most likely caused
by:
A) a physical decay of stored memory.
B) encoding failure.
C) state-dependent memory.
D) retrieval failure.
E) repression.
96. Your ability to immediately recognize the
voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates
the value of:
A) the spacing effect.
B) implicit memory.
C) acoustic encoding.
D) chunking.
E) state-dependent memory.
97. A mnemonic device is a:
A) sensory memory.
B) test or measure of memory.
C) technique for automatic processing.
D) memory aid.
E) word, event, or place that triggers a memory
of the past.
98. The earliest stage of speech development is
called the ________ stage.
A) babbling
B) telegraphic speech
C) one-word
D) grammatical
E) semantic
99. To minimize the extent to which outcome
differences between experimental and control
conditions can be attributed to placebo effects,
researchers make use of:
A) random sampling.
B) the double-blind procedure.
C) random assignment.
D) operational definitions.
E) replication.
100. Memories are primed by:
A) repression.
B) retrieval cues.
C) retroactive interference.
D) the serial position effect.
E) source amnesia.
101. English-speaking children learn to put the
object of a sentence last, whereas Japanesespeaking children put the object before the verb.
Chomsky suggests that this illustrates a
difference in the two languages':
A) process simulation.
B) language acquisition device.
C) universal grammar.
D) surface structure.
E) deep structure.
102. The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome
demonstrate that alcohol is a:
A) teratogen.
B) form of DNA.
C) hallucinogen.
D) neurotransmitter.
E) placebo.
103. The distorted room illusion involving two
girls who rapidly shrink or enlarge can best be
explained in terms of:
A) shape constancy.
B) retinal disparity.
C) the misperception of distance.
D) the principle of continuity.
E) selective attention.
104. Already at 15 months of age, Justin
strongly senses that he can rely on his father to
comfort and protect him. This most clearly
contributes to:
A) egocentrism.
B) conservation.
C) object permanence.
D) habituation.
E) basic trust.
105. The process by which certain birds form
attachments during a critical period very early in
life is called:
A) imprinting.
B) assimilation.
C) habituation.
D) bonding.
E) the rooting reflex.
106. Word meaning is to word order as
________ is to ________.
A) concept; prototype
B) phoneme; grammar
C) morpheme; phoneme
D) semantics; syntax
E) nomenclature; semantics
107. Dilation and constriction of the pupil are
controlled by the:
A) optic nerve.
B) lens.
C) retina.
D) iris.
E) cornea.
108. Cerebellum is to ________ memory as
hippocampus is to ________ memory.
A) short-term; long-term
B) long-term; short-term
C) implicit; explicit
D) explicit; implicit
E) iconic; echoic
109. Researchers have sneakily dabbed rouge on
young children's noses in order to study the
developmental beginnings of:
A) egocentrism.
B) object permanence.
C) habituation.
D) conservation.
E) self-awareness.
110. Seven members of a boys' club reported the
following individual earnings from their sale of
cookies: $2, $9, $8, $10, $4, $9, and $7. In this
distribution of individual earnings:
A) the median is greater than the mean and
greater than the mode.
B) the median is less than the mean and less
than the mode.
C) the median is greater than the mean and less
than the mode.
D) the median is less than the mean and greater
than the mode.
E) the median is equal to the mean and equal to
the mode.
111. If rats are allowed to wander through a
complicated maze, they will subsequently run the
maze with few errors when a food reward is
placed at the end. Their good performance
demonstrates:
A) shaping.
B) latent learning.
C) delayed reinforcement.
D) spontaneous recovery.
E) modeling.
112. A subliminal message is one that is
presented:
A) while an individual is under hypnosis.
B) below one's absolute threshold for awareness.
C) in a manner that is unconsciously persuasive.
D) with very soft background music.
E) repetitiously.
113. Experiencing a green afterimage of a red
object is most easily explained by:
A) the opponent-process theory.
B) the gate-control theory.
C) place theory.
D) the Young-Helmholtz theory.
E) frequency theory.
114. Storage is to encoding as ________ is to
________.
A) recognition; recall
B) imagery; mnemonics
C) rehearsal; retrieval
D) retention; acquisition
E) priming; relearning
115. By dividing broad concepts into
increasingly smaller and detailed subgroupings,
we create:
A) algorithms.
B) category hierarchies.
C) functional fixedness.
D) overconfidence.
E) prototypes.
116. With respect to the controversy regarding
reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse,
statements by major psychological and
psychiatric associations suggest that:
A) the accumulated experiences of our lives are
all preserved somewhere in our minds.
B) the more stressful an experience is, the more
quickly it will be consciously forgotten.
C) repression is the most common mechanism
underlying the failure to recall early childhood
abuse.
D) professional therapists can reliably
distinguish between their clients' true and false
childhood memories.
E) adult memories of experiences happening
before age 3 are unreliable.
117. The study of phenomena such as
clairvoyance and telepathy is called:
A) parapsychology.
B) Gestalt psychology.
C) human factors psychology.
D) psychokinesis.
E) ESP.
118. After learning that her two best friends had
lost their jobs, Mariah began to grossly
overestimate the national unemployment rate.
Mariah's reaction best illustrates the
consequences of:
A) confirmation bias.
B) the availability heuristic.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) the belief perseverance phenomenon.
E) the framing effect.
119. Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin
will increase the concentration of serotonin
molecules in the:
A) cell body
B) axon
C) peripheral spinal nerves
D) cerebellum
E) synaptic gap
120. The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus
is to ________ as the withdrawal of an
unpleasant stimulus is to ________.
A) acquisition; extinction
B) negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer
C) primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
D) punishment; reinforcement
E) partial reinforcement; continuous
reinforcement
121. During the babbling stage of speech
development, infants:
A) speak in single words that may be barely
recognizable.
B) begin to imitate adult syntax.
C) make speech sounds only if their hearing is
unimpaired.
D) make some speech sounds that do not occur
in their parents' native language.
E) use words that reflect the surface structure of
their parents' native language.
122. A chess-playing computer program that
routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all
possible game moves best illustrates problem
solving by means of:
A) the availability heuristic.
B) belief perseverance.
C) an algorithm.
D) the representativeness heuristic.
E) functional fixedness.
123. The tendency for a CR to be evoked by
stimuli similar to the CS is called:
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) conditioned reinforcement.
C) latent learning.
D) generalization.
E) shaping.
124. Damage to the basilar membrane is most
likely to result in:
A) loss of movement.
B) accommodation.
C) conduction hearing loss.
D) loss of the sense of balance.
E) nerve deafness.
125. Habituation refers to the:
A) awareness that things continue to exist even
when not perceived.
B) decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus to
which one is repeatedly exposed.
C) adjustment of current schemas to make sense
of new information.
D) interpretation of new information in terms of
existing schemas.
E) biological growth processes that are
relatively uninfluenced by experience.
126. Who suggested that the mind at birth is a
blank slate upon which experience writes?
A) Charles Darwin
B) René Descartes
C) John Locke
D) Plato
127. A floating sea vessel is to the ocean water
as ________ is to ________.
A) light and shadow; relative height
B) closure; continuity
C) lightness constancy; relative height
D) figure; ground
E) proximity; similarity
128. In classical conditioning, the ________
signals the impending occurrence of the
________.
A) US; CS
B) UR; CR
C) CS; US
D) CR; UR
E) US; CR
129. On a 10-item test, three students in
Professor Hsin's advanced chemistry seminar
received scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively. For
this distribution of test scores, the standard
deviation is equal to the square root of:
A) 3.
B) 4.
C) 5.
D) 6.
E) 9
130. In order to exercise maximum control over
the factors they are interested in studying,
researchers engage in:
A) case studies.
B) correlational research.
C) experimentation.
D) replication.
E) surveys.
131. The quick succession of briefly flashed
images in a motion picture produces:
A) retinal disparity.
B) the Ponzo illusion.
C) stroboscopic movement.
D) convergence.
E) subliminal persuasion.
132. People who demonstrate blindsight have
most likely suffered damage to their:
A) cornea.
B) lens.
C) fovea.
D) optic nerve.
E) visual cortex.
133. After hearing stories of things they both
had and had not actually experienced with “Mr.
Science,” preschool children spontaneously
recalled him doing things that were only
mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates:
A) the self-reference effect.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) proactive interference.
D) implicit memory.
E) source amnesia.
134. Explicit memory is to long-term memory
as iconic memory is to ________ memory.
A) sensory
B) short-term
C) flashbulb
D) implicit
E) state-dependent
135. Chaser Tango was hit with a rotten egg
while performing his latest hit song. The fact that
you can recognize two different meanings for the
word “hit” in the preceding sentence
demonstrates the importance of:
A) syntax.
B) semantics.
C) morphemes.
D) prototypes.
E) linguistic determinism.
136. The most foolproof way of testing the true
effectiveness of a newly introduced method of
psychological therapy is by means of:
A) survey research.
B) case study research.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) correlational research.
E) experimental research.
137. William James was a prominent American:
A) psychoanalyst.
B) behaviorist.
C) functionalist.
D) structuralist.
138. When hearing the words “eel is on the
wagon,” you would likely perceive the first word
as “wheel.” Given “eel is on the orange,” you
would likely perceive the first word as “peel.”
This context effect best illustrates the
organizational principle of:
A) proximity.
B) continuity.
C) interposition.
D) closure.
E) convergence.
139. The relief of pain following the ingestion of
an inert substance that is presumed to have
medicinal benefits illustrates:
A) random assignment.
B) the hindsight bias.
C) the false consensus effect.
D) the placebo effect.
E) illusory correlation.
140. After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's
physical coordination skills and responsiveness
to sensory stimulation quickly returned to
normal. Unfortunately, however, he began to
experience unusual difficulty figuring out how to
find his way to various locations in his
neighborhood. It is most likely that Mr. Santore
suffered damage to his:
A) cerebellum.
B) thalamus.
C) hypothalamus.
D) association areas of the right hemisphere.
E) autonomic nervous system.
141. In order to test whether newborns can
visually discriminate between various shapes and
colors, psychologists have made use of the
processes of:
A) conservation and object permanence.
B) secure and insecure attachment.
C) habituation and dishabituation.
D) accommodation and assimilation.
E) imprinting and critical periods.
142. Researchers condition a flatworm to
contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing
the light with electric shock. The stage in which
the flatworm's contraction response to light is
established and gradually strengthened through
the paired presentation of light follwed by shock
is called:
A) shaping.
B) acquisition.
C) generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.
E) latent learning.
143. Although college textbooks frequently cast
a trapezoidal image on the retina, students
typically perceive the books as rectangular
objects. This illustrates the importance of:
A) interposition.
B) size constancy.
C) linear perspective.
D) shape constancy.
E) binocular cues.
144. In the words “lightly,” “neatly,” and
“shortly,” the “ly” ending is a(n):
A) algorithm.
B) phenotype.
C) phoneme.
D) morpheme.
E) prototype.
145. Receiving delicious food is to escaping
electric shock as ________ is to ________.
A) positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
B) primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
C) immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer
D) reinforcement; punishment
E) partial reinforcement; continuous
reinforcement
146. Rates of operant responding are ________
for fixed-ratio than for fixed-interval schedules;
they are ________ for variable-ratio than for
variable-interval schedules.
A) lower; higher
B) higher; lower
C) lower; lower
D) higher; higher
147. A learned association between a response
and a stimulus is to ________ as a learned
association between two stimuli is to ________.
A) latent learning; observation learning
B) generalization; discrimination
C) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
D) secondary reinforcement; primary
reinforcement
E) acquisition; extinction
148. Professor Woo noticed that the distribution
of students' scores on her last biology test had an
extremely small standard deviation. This
indicates that the:
A) test was given to a very small class of
students.
B) students' scores tended to be very similar to
one another.
C) mean test score was lower than the median
score.
D) students generally performed very well on
the test.
E) test was a poor measure of the students'
knowledge.
149. Three-year-old Zara calls all four-legged
animals “kitties.” Her tendency to fit all fourlegged animals into her existing conception of a
kitten illustrates the process of:
A) conservation.
B) assimilation.
C) accommodation.
D) egocentrism.
E) attachment.
150. During her psychology test, Kelsey could
not remember the meaning of the term “proactive
interference.” Surprisingly, however, she
accurately remembered that the term appeared on
the fourth line of a left-hand page in her
textbook. Her memory of this incidental
information is best explained in terms of:
A) automatic processing.
B) the serial position effect.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the method of loci.
E) the next-in-line effect.