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GEOG 105
8/17/16
Today
{02}Understanding
Geography
‡ Thediscipline
‡ JediSkills
‡ CoreConceptsofHuman
Geography
CulturalGeography
M.Pesses
AntelopeValleyCollege
Geography
‡ Subject
w Memorizeriver
length,countriesand
capitals…
‡ Discipline
w Studytheworld
throughaunique
lens
w Utilizecool
techniquesandtools
intheprocess
EnvironmentalDeterminism
‡ Attempttomake
geographymore
scientific
‡ Causalconnections
betweencultureand
place
Instructor: Pesses
DescriptiveGeography
‡ Exploringtheworld
tosimplyseewhat
wasoutthere…
EnvironmentalPossibilism
People,nottheenvironment,controltheir
cultureandpotential.
w Yes,alocalenvironmentwillaffecta
culture,butitisuptohumanchoices to
trulydefinetheirsociety.
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RegionalGeography
‡ Non-scientific
descriptionsof
peopleandplace
‡ Turnedgeography
intoa“subject”
QuantitativeRevolution
‡ Positivistapproach
‡ Highlyscientific
TheCulturalTurn
‡ Arejectionofthe
positivistapproach
‡ Senseofplace
‡ Criticalthought
SenseofPlace
‡ Placeisunique
‡ Topophilia
w Loveofaplace
andits
“placeness”
w Yi-FuTuan
Instructor: Pesses
SenseofPlace
Placelessness
w Withoutasenseof
uniqueplace
w EdwardRelph
Phenomenology
w Favorsexperience
overscientific
generalizations
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CriticalGeography
Power&Ideology
‡ Language
‡ Toponyms
Power&ideology
w Whobelongsinthelandscape?
Marginalize
w Tokeepapersonorgroupoutsideofthe
“core”ofsociety.
Hegemony
JediGoggles
‡ Thereasonwhyone
groupcanruleand
dominateanother
groupwithout
sheerforce
‡ “Geographershavea
wayofdoingthings
thatare…unique
andexceptionally
powerful.”
‡ Readingthe
landscape
Antonio Gramsci
JediGoggles
‡ Studyingourbuiltandaltered
environment
w Buildings
w Roads
w Parks
w Gardens
w Billboards
Readingthelandscape
‡ Whatwebuildsaysalotaboutwhoweare
w Renaissancepainters– idealized landscape
w Geographers– complete landscape.
‡ Lookingatthescene
Instructor: Pesses
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SettlementPatterns
PLSSonthelandscape
‡ Readingtheurbanandruralform
w Urbancenters=nucleated
w Ruralareas=dispersed
‡ Howisacity,atown,or“thewilderness”
divided?
FolkArchitecture
LandscapeLinks
‡ http://www.walkinginla.com/
‡ http://www.greatmirror.com/
JediMindTricks
‡ Epistemology
w Howweknowwhat
weknow
‡ Black,white
studentsand
elevators
LightSabers
‡ Thetoolsweuseto
solveproblemsand
answerquestions
‡ Scientific&
qualitativemethods
‡ GIS
w Geographic
InformationSystems
Instructor: Pesses
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JediLanguage
‡ Readingwords=
literacy
‡ Readingnumbers=
numeracy
‡ Readingimages=
graphicacy
‡ ReadingMaps=
cartographicacy
1.Location
Absolutelocation
w Fixed,physicalplace
Examples
w Address
w PLSS
w Geographic
coordinatesystems
WGS1984
‡ WorldGeodetic
System
‡ Datums
Instructor: Pesses
TheCoreConcepts
1. Location
2. Region
3. Diffusion
4. Process&Pattern
5. Co-location
1.Location
‡ Globalpositioning
system
‡ Geotags
2.Regions
Region
w Agroupingof
multipleplaceswith
similarphysicalor
culturaltraits.
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2.Regions
3types
1. Functional
2. Formal
3. Vernacular
FunctionalCultureRegion
Nodes – cityhall,nationalcapital
w Core-periphery
FormalCultureRegion
FunctionalCultureRegion
Anintentionalpolitical,economic,orsocial
division
w CityLimits,countries,tradeareas,etc.
FunctionalCultureRegion
Someareambiguous
w Zipcodes
w Newspaper
circulation
FormalCultureRegion
Anareainhabitedbypeoplewhohaveone
ormoreculturaltraitsincommon
w Language,hightechindustry,Mormon
religion
w Borderzones,notlines
Instructor: Pesses
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Core-periphery
Functionalv.Formal
Amodelthatexplainsdisparitybetweena
centralplace(core)andoutlyingareas
(periphery)
VernacularCultureRegions
Dixie
Those perceived toexistbyinhabitants
w Dixie
w SouthernCalifornia
WhichCalifornia?
Instructor: Pesses
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3.Diffusion
Doesculturespread?
WaldoTobler
Tobler’s FirstLawof
Geography
IndependentInvention
Similarorthesameideasdevelopatdifferent
placesbydifferentpeople
w Writing
“Everythingisrelatedtoeverythingelse,butnearthingsare
morerelatedthandistant
things.”
‡ Incanquipu
‡ Mayanglyphs
‡ Chinesecharacters
‡ Romanalphabet
w CulturalHearth
Communication
‡ Culturesinteract&adaptpractices
‡ Onegroupshowsorteachesanothergroup
w Couldbeslowhistorically,instanttoday
‡ Agriculturevs.fastfood
Instructor: Pesses
Typesofdiffusion
2types
1. Relocation
2. Expansion
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Relocationdiffusion
Individualsorgroupsrelocateandbringtheir
culturewiththem
Expansiondiffusion
3typesofexpansiondiffusion
1. Hierarchical
2. Contagious
3. Stimulus
Hierarchicaldiffusion
‡ Anideaspreadsfromonegrouptoan
“elite”group,andthenfiltersdownto
othergroups.
w Anideamaymovetoacityfirst,thenmove
outtoruralareas
‡ Sushirestaurants,highfashion
‡ Wal-Mart,hip-hop
Contagiousdiffusion
‡ Aculturalpracticeorthingthatmoves
throughspacewithlittleregardfor
powerandstatus
w Thinkcontagiousdisease
w Websites,viralvideos
Instructor: Pesses
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Stimulusdiffusion
Whenaculturalpracticeisnotdirectly
copied,butalteredtofitaparticularplace
Barrierstodiffusion
Absorbing
barriers
Barrierstodiffusion
Time-distancedecay
w Mediaandtransportationcanchangethis
4.Process&Pattern
Thestudyofpatternsinthelandscapeand
theircausalforces.
w Government
agencies
‡ Chinesecensorship
w Mostarepermeable
‡ Cellphones
SpatialAutocorrelation
“Ameasureofthedegreetowhichasetof
spatialfeatures…tendtobeclusteredtogether
inspace(positive)ordispersed(negative).”
- ESRIGISDictionary
Instructor: Pesses
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5.Co-location
‡ Whendifferentthingsappearinclose
proximitytoeachother
‡ Causal?Correlation?Spurious?
Whyisthatthere?
‡ Geographersareinterestedinbothfacts
andtruth
‡ Infutureweekswewillusethesetools
andconceptstotrytogetanswersabout
theworld.
NextTime
‡ Culture&Difference
Instructor: Pesses
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