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Name Date REVIEW CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 6.5 Early Civilizations of India Overall Objective: Analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of India. Read the chart below to answer questions on the next page. Indian Civilization Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company The Aryans • Migrated to India in 1500 B.C. • May have belonged to a longer group known as the Indo-Aryans. • Had a class system composed of three main groups: warriors, priests, and commoners. The Caste System • Regulated contact with non-Aryans. • Was more complex than the original class system. • Determined how people interacted and the kinds of jobs they held. • People were born into caste for life. Achievements • The literature of Sanskrit, an ancient language of India, includes Bhagavad Gita, a sacred text that tells the story of the warrior Prince Arjuna. • Indian architectural and artistic styles are seen in portrayals of Buddha. • Indian mathematicians — invented the Hindu-Arabic numeral system — invented the decimal system and zero (also invented independently by the Maya) — identified the value of pi, the circumference of a circle divided by its diameter • Physicians promoted health by using diet, exercise, and other methods to maintain physical energy. • Artisans advanced metallurgy, or metal-working. The Rise of Buddhism (528 B.C.) Siddhartha Gautama, a Hindu prince, spent several years searching for a way to escape suffering in life. Finally, he meditated for 49 days under a tree and received insight. He became the Buddha, enlightened one. The Buddha’s Four Noble Truths 1. People suffer because their minds are not at ease. 2. Suffering comes from wanting what one doesn’t have. 3. People can stop suffering by not wanting. 4. People can stop wanting by following the Eightfold Path, a path that outlines the right way to live, leading to nirvana, or the end of suffering. The Buddha’s Teachings • Nonviolence. • Reincarnation, a belief shared by followers of Hinduism, India’s major religion. • Rejection of the caste system and worship of Hindu deities. After the Buddha’s Death • Buddhism spread throughout India, supported by Buddhist rulers. • In the 7th century, Buddhism in India almost disappeared. • Buddhism remained strong in other countries of Asia, where it was brought by traders and missionaries. CSS Overall Objective 6.5: Review 31 ca08ec.PG023-036.indd 31 6/5/06 3:29:14 PM Name Date PRACTICE CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 6.5 Early Civilization of India Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Use the diagram to answer questions 1 and 2. Brahmin priests, scholars, teachers Ksatriya rulers, nobles, warriors Vaisya 3 In ancient India, Hindus and Buddhists both believed in A the need for a caste system. B many deities C nirvana. D reincarnation. bankers, merchants, farmers Untouchables 1 Why are the Untouchables placed where they are on the pyramid diagram? A They are considered too low to be part of the caste system. B They are foreigners who do not belong to the caste system. C They belong to another caste system. D They are Indians who have rebelled against the caste system. 2 Which conclusion is supported by the diagram? A Only the bankers, merchants, and farmers had any wealth. B The Aryans put those with knowledge at the top of the system. C To the Aryans, trade was the highest position. D Military skill was most highly prized in Aryan society. 4 According to the Four Noble Truths, people’s suffering will end when they A accept the caste system. B take untouchables into their families. C stop desiring what they cannot have. D accept the Hindu deities. 5 Which of the following is an achievement associated with the Indian civilization? A the decimal system B representative government C birth of democracy D the Bible Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company Sudra artisans and laborers 32 CSS Overall Objective 6.5: Practice ca08ec.PG023-036.indd 32 6/5/06 3:39:24 PM