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Transcript
8 second law of thermodynamics : states spontaneous process is always accompanied by an increase in the total entropy of the systems and its surroundings . To take another example of disordering , the melting and boiling of zinc , at its melting temperature the closed backed hexagonal crystal structure of zinc becomes slightly broken up to produce a liquid with an entropy increased of 10.5J .At its boiling point the liquid structure is completely destroyed to form the completely random gaseous phase and the entropy increase by 96j/k. we know that the change in the state of ordere of the system at the boiling point is much greater than at the melting point and this is reflected in the very much larger entropy change on boiling. S.Carnot proposed a theorem which stated that all machines working thermodynamically reversibly in cycles between the same temperatures of source and sink have the same efficiency . by thermodynamically reversible working. The temperature of source and sink refer in the case of a steam engine to the temperature of the system supplied to the engine and the temperature of the steam when the engine has completed its work nrespectively. Efficiency of the heat engine =(T1-T2)/T1 The ratio of the heat absorbed by a system to the temperature at which it is absorbed entropy change.it is an extensive property of the system as it depends on the mass of the system and is a thermodynamic variable depending on the state of the system not on the history .