Download Hormones are chemical messengers that give

Endocrine System:
Hormones are chemical messengers that give instructions to the body. Hormones are:
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Produced in one place in the body
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Released into the bloodstream
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Received by target cells elsewhere
Protein hormones bind to receptors on the cell membranes of their target cells.
Endocrine organs include:
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Hypothalamus, Anterior and posterior pituitary glands, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes,
Pineal gland
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Hypothyroidism Decreased metabolic rate
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Fatigue, malaise, & weakness
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Weight gain despite loss of appetite
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Increased cholesterol
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Decreased Cardiac Output and ventilation
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Decreased GI mobility (constipation, Decreased appetite)
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Decreased muscle tone & reflexes
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Cold intolerance
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Decreased sensitivity to epinephrine/norepinephrine
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Not making enough thyroid, causes depression. Autoimmune disruption of thyroid immune system attacks your body.
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Myxedema
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Accumulation of mucopolysaccharides cause swelling of face, especially eyes.
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Voice becomes low and hoarse.
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Hyperthyroidism Increased metabolic rate
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Weight loss despite increased appetite
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Decreased cholesterol
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Restlessness, irritability, anxiety
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Increase cardiac output and ventilation
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Increased muscle tone, tremor, & twitching
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Increase GI mobility (diarrhea)
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Heat intolerance & Increased sweating
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Increased sensitivity to epinephrine/norepinphrine
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Too much thyroid, generates heat.
How to test for thyroid disorders Blood tests
-Look at TSH, T3, and T4
-Look for antibodies in blood
Imaging
-Ultrasound
-Radioiodine scanning
biopsy
-Needle biopsy to check for cancer
Hypothalamus- hormones released by the posterior pituitary and hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary.
Posterior Pituitary- located back of skull. Ant diuretic hormone- retention of water. Promotes retention of water by kidneys
stimulates contraction of uterus.
Anterior- located in the face. Growth hormone (10 years), prolactin (in memory gland), follicle-stimulating hormone (folicule to
mature), luteinizing hormone (ovulation), thyroid-stimulation (thyroid gland).
Adrenal glands- epinephrine (adrenaline) and nor epinephrine, glucocorticoid, mineralocorticiods. Promotes fight or flight response
Pancreas- insuline and gluecose. Lowers and raises blood glucose level.
Ovaries- estrogens (steroid). It stimulates urine lining growth and promotes development and maintenance of female secondary sex
characteristics.
Reproduction:
Postpartum is the stage immediately after child birth up until 6 weeks after.
Uterus:
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Gradually returns to approximately pre-pregnant size which takes about 4-6 weeks.
 The size at the beginning of postpartum is 15 times it normal size, and it weighs 900 grams at the beginning of the stage
and towards the end it is about 60 grams.
 The height of the uterus is usually in the area around the belly button it slowly returns to it normal area.
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A common symptom of the uterus lowering to it’s normal area is called after pains.
Cervix:
 It is soft and has very little tone. It may also have multiple small lacerations (from delivery).
 The cervix tightens up rapidly and regains its regular shape by the first week of postpartum.
 It is usually fully healed in the 4th-6th week of postpartum.
Ovaries and the Fallopian Tubes also completely regain their normal size and appearance by the end of the postpartum stage.
Enzymes released from the head of the sperm eats away at the layer surrounding the egg. The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients
to the developing embryo and carries away waste. By the end of the 1 st trimester, all of the fetus’s major organs and body parts
developed. To protect the body the skull surrounds and protects the brain. Ribs protect the lungs and heart. The skeleton supports the
body in cooperation with the muscles movement. Motor neurons connect to the muscles through a chemical synapses that use
neurotransmitters. ATP is required for myosim heads to release actins’ and essential step in the contraction cycle.
circulatory system:
The circulatory system is the body’s system for moving things around.
major parts- heart, blood, and blood vessels.
BloodRed Blood Cells: Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
White Blood Cells: Help the body fight off germs
Platelets: Blood cells that help stop bleeding
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BLOOD Vessels- play an important role in our bodies by carrying the blood throughout the body
Types of blood vessels
Arteries, Capillaries- A complex web of very small tubes, veins
The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen. The left side pumps blood to the rest of the body.
Blood vessels are tubes that carry blood:
Arteries carry blood away from the heart into arterioles and then into capillaries.
Capillaries are thin walled and do not have smooth muscle surrounding them. In the capillaries, materials move between tissues and
blood.
Venules carry blood back to veins, which return the blood to the heart.
Respiration system-
Lung cancer:
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Irritation of the windpipe and voice box.
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Reduced lung function and breathlessness due to swelling .
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Increased risk of lung infection and symptoms such as coughing and wheezing.
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Permanent damage to the air sacs of the lungs
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Lung cancer.
Symptoms:
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Loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss
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Fatigue
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Headaches, bone or joint pain
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Bone fractures not related to accidental injury
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Neck or facial swelling
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General weakness
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Bleeding
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Blood clots
Coronary Artery Disease
(Coronary Heart Disease):
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Coronary artery disease happens when plaque and build up of cholesterol narrows the arteries that supply the blood to heart
muscles, causing the blood circulation to slow down in the heart.
(Can contribute to heart failure and arrhythmias)
Symptoms:
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Angina Pectoris (chest pains, tightness, heaviness, and numbness)
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Pain in upper body (arms, left shoulder, neck, and stomach)
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Difficult breathing
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Headaches and dizziness
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Rapid and or irregular heart beats
Digestive System:
We rely on food:
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To supply us with organic molecules for energy
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To provide essential molecules that we cannot produce on our own
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To help us maintain a stable body temperature
The digestive system consists of several parts:
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The mouth—teeth, saliva, taste
buds, tongue
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Esophagus—moves food via
peristalsis until it reaches a
sphincter leading to the stomach
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Stomach—gastric juice and
churning action reduce food to
chyme
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Small intestine—breaks down
proteins, fats, carbohydrates,
and nucleic acids and conducts
absorption of nutrients
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Large intestine—absorbs water
and minerals and produces feces
Teeth break down items through mouth then acid breaks it down more. Saliva breaks down starch and provides glucose. It adds a
slippery coating.
Gall Bladder- is a small non-vital organ that aids in the digestive process and stores bile produced in the liver.
Pancreas- is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland producing several
important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, as well as an exocrine gland, secreting pancreatic juice
containing digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine. These enzymes help in the further breakdown of the carbohydrates,
protein, and fat in the chyme.