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Cold War Competition that developed between the USA and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the world Democracy (USA) vs. Communism (Soviet Union) 1945 – 1990s • Yalta Conference –Divide Germany and Berlin into four zones (one for each Allies) –Disputed over Poland – free elections, Stalin later refuses • United Nations – international peacekeeping organization formed after WWII –USA joins unlike the League of Nations JOSEPH STALIN (1879-1953). Russian Communist leader. Propaganda poster entitled: Glory to the great Stalin - the architect of communism! Published 1952. Full credit: rps - ullstein bild / The Granger Collection Conflicting Post War Views USA • Wanted democracy and free elections in the conquered nations of Europe after WWII Soviet Union • Lost money in WWII and wanted to protect itself from Germany • Create Satellite nations – countries on the western border of the S.U. that would serve as a buffer zone against attacks • Spread communism through out world – start with eastern Europe The Iron Curtain • Soviets take Eastern Europe as their satellite states– buffer states between Western democratic Europe and Communist Soviet Union • Western Europe and USA had to keep Stalin from taking anymore nations behind the iron curtain of communism After WW II, the USSR dominates East Europe • • • • • • • • Poland Czechoslovakia Hungary Yugoslavia Romania East Germany Albania Bulgaria • East Europe nations are satellites of the USSR. • USSR annexes the Baltic nations: • Latvia • Lithuania • Estonia • Communism also spreads to China. Aftermath of the Second World War Processing Questions 1. Why did the US and the USSR engage in a 45 year Cold War? 2. Why would the USSR want to establish satellite (buffer) nations after WWII? 3. Why did it seem like Communism was on the offensive between 1945-1952? Containment • Resist Soviet aggression • Keep communism from spreading – contain communism • The Long Telegram detailed what the Communists believed and what we should do about it. This led to “Containment and the Truman Doctrine”. Truman Doctrine • Provides economic and military aid to countries fighting communism • Example – Military aid to Greece and Turkey to stop commie takeover • Leads to US becoming more involved internationally Marshall Plan • • • • Europe destroyed by WWII Communists gain popularity in W. Europe Money to help rebuild Europe after WWII Purpose – contain spread of communism and help W. Europe recover economically from war. NATO • Created after Berlin Blockade as a mutualdefense alliance – An attack on one nation is an attack on all nations • At first includes 10 European nations, Canada and US • First commitment by US to a mutualdefense alliance • Still in existence Berlin Airlift • 1948 –Allies merged their occupation zones in Germany to form Democratic W. Germany • 1949 – Soviet Union form the communist state of E. Germany • Stalin blockaded W. Berlin – saw it as a threat to communism and wanted them out • Truman decided to airlift supplies into W. Berlin BERLIN AIRLIFT • This is an example of brinkmanship. The US and the USSR will go to the brink of war, but once there, someone backs off. This will be played over and over during the Cold War. • In this case, the Soviets backed down. The Berlin Airlift was an enormous victory for the U.S. Watching a Plane During the Berlin Airlift Original caption: Bridge to Berlin. Airlift Spotter. Berlin, Germany: The youngsters in Berlin watch the field every minute they have to spare, as the airlift planes wing their way from Frankfurt along the air corridor to Berlin. The young "spotters" have built up quite a few friendships with their American benefactors. German Children Waving to Supply Plane Original caption: 7/8/1948-Berlin, Germany- Grouped atop some of the ruins, which are still such a feature of battered Berlin, these German kiddies cheer and wave on an American plane bringing them food despite the Reds' starvation blockade of the German capital. Transport Planes Unloading at Airport American C-47 Skytrain transport planes have their cargoes of food unloaded at Templehof Airport during the Berlin Airlift. large Crowd Reaching for Goodies Original caption: U. S. Airlift Pilot, Lt. Gale Halvorsen has made it a habit to drop candy in small parachutes, as he comes in to land his plane "Isle of Christmas" at Berlin. Recently, because of weather, he could not drop the gifts and so was greeted by this swarm of youngsters, (couple of oldsters too) after his arrival. He threw the parachutes in the air to provoke this mad scramble. The school children have expressed their thanks with flowers and paintings. Unfortunately, Lt. Halvorsen himself is not seen in this picture. CHECKPOINT CHARLIE, 1953. A crowd at Checkpoint Charlie (sector border at Friedrichstrasse in Berlin). In the background a burning control house of the East German police, 06.17.1953." Processing Questions 4. What were the goals of the Marshall Plan? 5. What was (is) the importance of NATO? 6. How did the US react to Stalin’s blockade of West Berlin? Korean War AKA Korean Conflict • After Japan lost WWII, Korea was taken away from them • Korea will be divided at the 38th parallel after WWII – Soviet Union controlled the north and the USA controlled the south, • Koreans want unity but war will break out when the communist northern troops invade the south and take it by force • United Nations decide to send a police force into Korea to help • General Douglas Macarthur will lead the UN forces in Korea – Invades at Inchon and cuts the North Koreans supply lines, the North Koreans retreat back into North Korea and the Chinese come to their aid, a stalemate develops • President Truman will fire Macarthur for insubordination. Macarthur demanded Truman’s approval to expand the war into China. KOREAN WAR, 1950. The front page of "The New York Times," June 28, 1950, announcing the direct involvement of the United States in the Korean War. KOREAN WAR, 1950. American troops landing at the west coast near Inchon in the rear of the North Korean troops: Leaving a landing craft, 09.14.1950. Full credit: dpa(85) - ullstein bild / The Granger Collection." KOREAN WAR, 1951. United Nations artillerymen firing Eighth Army 155mm guns against advancing communist troops, 1951. Armistice Signed at Panmunjeom Panmunjeom is a village on the border between North and South Korea, where the 1953 armistice that ended the Korean War was signed. Discussions between North and South Korea still take place in the blue buildings in the foreground Effects of the Korean Conflict • Korea will be divided at the 38th parallel – does not change – North Korea will be communist – South Korea will be democratic • Contained communism without a nuclear war • Integration of the armed forces • Increase in military spending and permanent mobilization of the military (over 1 million) to contain communism • US financed defense industries – more than 3.5 million Americans will be working in the defense industry by 1960 Kim Jong-un- leader of North Korea • TOOK OVER FOR HIS FATHER IN 2011 • LOVES BASKETBALL! • FAN OFJAMES FRANCO AND SETH ROGAN Processing Questions 7. Why did the US become involved in the Korean Conflict? 8. What was the major outcome of the Korean Conflict? Cold War at Home • HUAC – House of Un-American Activities Committee – searched for communist activity in federal gov’t and in Hollywood –Spy Cases – –Alger Hiss –Charged with spying –Rosenberg’s- Charged with selling atomic secrets to the Soviets • Citizens built bomb shelters and had air raid drills in case of nuclear crisis Hollywood Ten ROSENBERG EXECUTION, 1953. Headline from the Los Angeles Times reporting the 20 June 1953 execution of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg for spying. Duck and Cover Drill in School Classroom School children learn to protect themselves in case of nuclear attack by practicing a duck and cover drill in the classroom of their school. Children in Air Raid Drill Children crowd under a table in a classroom during an air raid drill at Hazel Valley school in 1958. Seattle, Washington, USA. McCarthyism • Joseph McCarthy - the senator who accused Americans of communism • McCarthyism – smear tactics, accusing people of communism with no evidence • McCarthy’s Downfall – he accused the Army of being full of communist and it was televised for the nation to see –Americans saw his baseless allegations CARTOON: McCARTHYISM, 1950. McCarthy Was Here: American cartoon by Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, 1950, on the scurrilous allegations by Senator Joseph R. McCarthy that Communists had infiltrated the U.S. State Department. McCARTHY HEARINGS, 1954. Front page of the New York Times, 12 March 1954, reporting the U.S. Army's allegations of misconduct against Senator Joseph McCarthy and his chief counsel, Roy Cohn, in the matter of Private G. David Schine. McCarthy brandishing one of his lists. Arms Race • USA and the Soviet Union start building up nuclear arsenals • Deterrence – making the US and its Allies so strong no enemy would attack • Brinkmanship – prepare to go to the brink of war to prevent it The U.S. feared Soviet expansion in Europe The USA began a military buildup. The Soviet Union began a military buildup. An arms race between the two countries began. Processing Questions 9. Why was McCarthyism dangerous? 10.Why was Brinksmanship a risky game to play? Space Race • Sputnik – 1957 – first artificial satellite sent into space –Pressure was now put on America to match the Soviets –Emphasis on math and science in the public schools • U2 Incident – American spy plane is shot down over USSR – Increases tension between two superpowers Model of Sputnik in Store Window Original caption: 11/1957-Rome, Italy- A man observes a model of Russia's Sputnik #1, on display in a Rome department store. Original caption: 11/3/1957-Moscow, Russia-Called an experienced astronaut, Malyshka, a Russian space dog, poses here in its snug-fitting space suit with a transparent space helmet beside it. Meanwhile, the newly launched Soviet satellite, Sputnik II, circles the earth, carrying what is reported to be a female husky dog, the first living being to roam space. SPUTNIK II: DOG, 1957. Dog ""Laika"" in her cabin before flying into space with the earth satellite ""Sputnik 2"" and becoming the first living creature in space, 11.03.1957. Full credit: Nowosti - ullstein bild / The Granger Collection." Allowed many veterans to earn college degrees; loans were available to help service men buy houses, resulting in growth of suburbs. GI Bill gave veterans low interest mortgages and paid for college education Suburbs and Highways • Baby Boom – time period after WWII where birth rate grew • Suburbs – mass produced homes on outskirts of cities • Cars – started to produce new car designs yearly, gas cards • Highways: Interstate Highway Act - $25 billion to build interstate highways – evacuation route in case of nuclear attack • Venona Papers: papers that revealed the identities of several Americans who had spied for the Soviet Union Processing Questions 11.How did the launch of Sputnik change the US education system? 12.What was a long term effect of the GI Bill? Effects of the Cold War • Truman adopts the policy of containment and the Truman Doctrine. • McCarthy uses the issue of communism to become a powerful senator. • Korean War is fought. • Eisenhower tries to defeat communism in Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Latin America. • Beginning of US involvement in Vietnam; beginning of US and Soviet arms buildup. • Beginning of US and Soviet space race.