Download Suggestions for monitoring of biological effects of

REPORT
M-445 | 2015
Suggestions for monitoring of
biological effects of ocean
acidification
A summary of the workshop, September 17th 2015
COLOPHON
Executive institution
Norwegian Institute for Nature Research
Project manager for the contractor
Johanna Järnegren
M-no
Contact person in the Norwegian Environment Agency
Camilla Fossum Pettersen
Year
445
2015
Pages
208
Contract number
15078176
Publisher
The project is funded by
Norwegian Environment Agency
Norwegian Environment Agency
Author(s)
Johanna Järnegren
Title – Norwegian and English
Suggestions for monitoring of biological effects of ocean acidification – A summary of the workshop,
September 17th 2015.
Summary – sammendrag
This report is a summary of the presentations and discussions on a workshop concerning
biological effect indicators of ocean acidification, held on September 17th 2015 by the
Norwegian Environment Agency and the Norwegian Polar Institute. The general conclusion
is that we do not know enough about the effects that ocean acidification have on the
marine life. Although there is still much we need to learn and understand, it was agreed
upon a need to start monitoring now. The changes are already occurring and it is possible
to refine/change a monitoring plan when more knowledge becomes available. It is also
important to monitor the carbonate system variables through the whole water column and
it is necessary to learn more about the situation along the coasts and in the fjords. There
were suggestions on indicator species, with pteropods and foraminiferans representing the
calcifiers and possibly calanus as a non-calcifying species.
4 emneord
4 subject words
Havforsuring, indikator, overvåking
Ocean acidification, indicator, monitoring
Front page photo
Johanna Järnegren
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Content
1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 3
2. Presentations ................................................................................................ 4
2.1 Invited presentations ................................................................................ 4
2.2 Short presentations .................................................................................. 7
3. Discussion .................................................................................................... 8
3.1 General discussion ................................................................................... 8
3.2 Specific questions .................................................................................... 9
Attachments:
1. Attachment 1
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1. Introduction
In the 2015 letter of allocation from the Ministry of Climate and Environment, the Norwegian
Environment Agency were assigned, in collaboration with Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI), to
suggest indicators for monitoring of biological effects connected to ocean acidification.
The assignment is included as the ninth recommendation to achieve the national
environmental goal 1.1 “The ecosystems shall be in a good state and deliver ecosystem
services”. The recommendation is stated as followed: “9. In managing marine areas, the
Norwegian Environment Agency shall strengthen the knowledge about effects of climatic
change and ocean acidification, and environmental implication of new and future economic
activity in the maritime zone, such as mineral extraction on the seabed.”
The assignment is further specified under mission 52 in the assignment-list for result-area 1
on nature diversity; “52. Suggestions for biological effect-indicators for ocean acidification in
ocean and coastal waters in collaboration with NPI. the Norwegian Environment Agency shall
lead the work. The work shall be considered in connection with relevant international work in
this area, especially OSPAR.”
In the 2015 letter of allocation from Ministry of Climate and Environment, NPI was assigned as
follows: “NPI shall, in collaboration with the Norwegian Environment Agency, work to identify
biological effect indicators for ocean acidification in the ocean and on the coast. NPI shall
particularly ensure the polar perspective”.
As a first step towards delivering a suggestion on biological effect-monitoring in connection
with ocean acidification to the Ministry, the Norwegian Environment Agency and NPI arranged
a workshop with the main intention to gather the Norwegian research community to present
the current status on studies of biological effect-indicators nationally. The workshop took
place September 17th 2015 at the Norwegian Environment Agency in Oslo. This report is a
summary of the presentations and the discussions of this workshop.
The main intention of this workshop is to:
 Bring up existing knowledge on ocean acidification and biological effects related to
ocean acidification
 Discuss how we should create an impact indication
 Discuss how monitoring of biological impact can be linked to existing monitoring
 Identify real suggestions for species or taxonomic groups that may be suitable as
impact indicator
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2. Presentations
There were six invited presentations and three shorter presentation. All presentations are
included as pdf-files in Attachment 1.
2.1 Invited presentations
Cecilie H. von Quillfeldt – Norwegian Polar institute
Dr. von Quillfeldt briefed about existing monitoring and indicator system in Norwegian waters
and their background in management plans. The Barents Sea was the first to get an
integrated management plan in 2006, which was updated in 2011 and 2015. The Norwegian
Sea followed in 2009 and the North Sea/Skagerrak area in 2013.
The integrated management plans opens for an expanded and coordinated management of
the activities going on in Norwegian waters as well as monitoring of the environment. The
monitoring systems are based on indicators, reference values and thresholds for action. Each
area has its own monitoring system designed from its specific conditions related to biology,
nature type and level of activity. Ocean acidification was not considered in the first two
management plans but in the goals for management of the North Sea and Skagerrak it is
mentioned.
The goals of the Government are to increase knowledge on ecosystem interactions, functions
and resilience and about impact and cumulative impacts. Although a compelling idea, there
are challenges to finding suitable biological indicator for ocean acidification. An indicator
should preferably be specific to effects of ocean acidification, it should ideally have good
scientific background with sufficient information and data coverage already, even though this
might not be achievable in all cases. In addition it should be easy and affordable to collect it
and also be used internationally. The suggested indicators have to be specific, measureable,
achievable and realistic.
Peter Thor – Norwegian Polar Institute
Dr. Thor briefed about biological effects of ocean acidification on different groups of pelagic
organisms.
There are two important groups of plankton, calcifiers and non-calcifiers. Of the calcifiers
coccolithophores, foraminiferans, mussel- and echinoderm larvae and pteropods have shown
measurable negative effects of ocean acidification. The non-calcifiers can also be negatively
effected through increased metabolism to maintain chemical balance. There appears to be no
or very little effects of ocean acidification on the large copepods (Calanus finmarchicus, C.
glacialis) while in the smaller species or stages an increased mortality was found. It is also
important to study effects over more than one generation. Pseudocalanus acuspes had a 67%
decrease in egg production at exposure to pH 7,54 in the first generation while only 29%
decrease in the second generation.
Dr. Thor suggested foraminiferans, pteropods and/or echinoderm larvae as suggested species
to use as monitoring organisms for the early warning signals. He also suggested to additionally
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use a non-calcifying species with ecological importance, such as the copepods.
Foraminiferans, coccolithophors and copepods are possible to sample at high frequencies
although for the latter species there still is work to be done on determining assessment
criteria.
Melissa Chierici – Institute for Marine Research (IMR)
Dr. Chierici briefed about the program for ocean acidification and what studies of biological
effects that are done through the flagship for ocean acidification at the Fram-center in
Tromsø.
The program for ocean acidification measures all the component in the carbonic system, in
particular the variables that expresses changes in the state of ocean acidification. The whole
water-column is sampled and it is important to design the monitoring to intercept the
seasonal variation. The biggest challenge is that ocean CO2 is mostly natural and we are trying
to detect a small change in a large background with natural variation. The CO 2-system
changes with temperature, salinity, mixing of water masses, biological processes and the airsea relationship of CO2 as well as the process of calcification. To be able to detect uptake of
anthropogenic CO2 requires long time series.
Monitoring of the ocean acidification state in Norwegian waters has taken place since 2011.
Main part of the work has been carried out by IMR, NIVA and UNI, financed by the Norwegian
Environment Agency. Also through the FRAM Flagship for Ocean Acidification has annual field
activity taken place in the Arctic Ocean, collecting data since 2011.
Dr. Chierici discussed the usefulness of calcium carbonate saturation () as a parameter used
for biological effects of OA, since  shows the chemical solubility “potential” and may not
give a full picture of calcifying species that can calcify as long as they get enough food.
However, recent studies have shown that in particular aragonite forming organisms seems to
suffer at low  and to be directly affected by . Such species are for example the pteropod
L. helicina and also foraminifera. For monitoring of effects on cold-water coral reef systems
the connection is less clear since living polyps seems to be quite insensitive to low  values.
However, the dead part of the reef should dissolve at  values below 1 (under-saturation
results in dissolution). This means that aragonite and calcite saturation state (Ω) is an
important parameter for OA effects, but Chierici stresses the importance of investigating the
full carbonate system, including pH, pCO2 and total dissolved inorganic carbon. This is also
what is currently monitored in the OA monitoring project funded by Norwegian Environmental
Agency.
Health status of selected coral and sponge ecosystems have been monitored by IMR since 2011
in order to measure ecosystem disturbance. Visual surveys, collection of fauna and chemical
parameters have started a time-series, providing a baseline to assess changes. Also a project
to assess pteropod shell thickness and composition in different regimes was started in 2012 by
a project within the FRAM Ocean acidification flagship.
Chierici and Järnegren contributed to the OSPAR 2015 report from Study Group of Ocean
Acidification (SGOA) where it was concluded that the Norwegian Seas have already taken up a
large part of the anthropogenic CO2 resulting in decreased saturation state/increased
dissolution (Ω). Further CO2-uptake will result in under-saturation within next 100 years. The
Barents Sea and the area north of Svalbard are especially vulnerable due to climate change
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such as increased freshwater, warming, decreased sea ice cover (summer), increased Atlantic
water inflow which contains high CO2/low pH/low Ω. All these factors likely contribute to
enhance ocean acidification.
Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt - IMR
Dr. Agnalt presented biological effects on fish and shellfish in relation to ocean acidification.
Researchers at IMR have studied Atlantic mackerel and early life stages of cod and herring.
Neither mackerel or cod showed any negative effects from ocean acidification. The early life
history stages of Great scallop showed decreased survival and growth at pH 7,54 and
deformities in the larval shell. European lobster showed deformities in the exoskeleton at the
larval stage which increased with increasing temperature. Methods to understand what is
going on in the exoskeleton using Scanning Electron Microscope and gastroliths are developed
as well as behavioural studies.
Ocean acidification will have long-term chronic effects with trade-offs between survival
(maintaining physiological homeostasis) and function (growth and reproduction). It is
important to recognize that ocean acidification is only one aspect of a global change and the
synergistic effects must also be considered.
Johanna Järnegren – Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)
Dr. Järnegren was addressing effects on cold-water corals.
As opposed to general belief, the framework-building key species Lophelia pertusa does not
appear to reduce calcification rate under long-term exposure at 2100-scenario. Possibly
because it seems to be able to regulate the internal pH at the site of calcification. This
process is expected to increase metabolism but studies show that the metabolism/respiration
is maintained or reduced. It is likely that the increased energy requirement is met through
allocation of resources but it is yet not understood how.
The embryological development rate of L. pertusa gets delayed at a pCO2 of 1000 ppm (pH
7,66). No apparent effect at lower pCO2-levels. Development of new and cost efficient
methods to measure effects of ocean acidification is needed. Two new methods were tested
on cold-water gorgonians and an evaluation showed that Metabolomics (including NMR and
Mass spectrometry) is not a suitable method to measure effects on cold-water corals at the
standard protocols that was followed. Hyperspectral Imaging (HI) showed some potential but
would need more testing. Measurements of respiration rates showed reduced respiration of
Paramuricea placomus at 900 ppm, which follows the same pattern as in L. pertusa.
Cold-water corals are not recommended as indicator species at this stage due to its slow
growth, long life length and slow response time. But they are ecologically very important
species where we need to understand the effects of ocean acidification and find suitable
methods to measure health. It is important to remember that ocean acidification is only one
of many stressors affecting our oceans and cannot be considered alone.
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Nina Bednarsek – University of Washington, USA
Dr. Bednarsek presented the ongoing monitoring of ocean acidification in Washington state
using pteropods as indicator species.
Pteropods are shelled pelagic snails that plays a vital role in epipelagic food webs. It is
sensitive to small scale changes in the environment and very abundant in Norwegian waters.
Shell dissolution and shell calcification in pteropods closely corresponds to  and carbonate
chemistry conditions and the response time is very fast (from days to weeks). At Ω>1,2 there
are no visible effects. Between Ω 0,9-1,2 effects are starting to show, while at Ω<0,9 the
pteropods are unable to calcify. The methodology for collection, preservation and assessment
criteria are already established. Choice of species is important.
Pteropods are ideal biological indicators because:
- They respond to small changes in Ω very quickly, making them sensitive
- They do not respond to other parameters than ocean acidification, making them
specific
- The results are reproducible, showing a robust and quantifiable indicator
- They provide an early warning signal as well as cumulative responses
- In monitoring they are ubiquitous, rapid, cost-effective and easy to use
2.2 Short presentations
Maj Arnberg - International Research Institute Stavanger (IRIS)
IRIS has studied effects of ocean acidification in combination with temperature,
anthropogenic and natural stressors on shrimps, krill, echinoderm larvae and cold-water
coral. All species studied seemed to tolerate ocean acidification quite well compared to the
other stressors studied, except L. pertusa. Additive effects of anthropogenic stressors when
combined with climatic variables were found, suggesting that acting on local stressors can
delay negative impacts on future global drivers.
IRIS suggests three monitoring species/groups for ocean acidification: pteropods, brittle stars
and cold-water corals. It is important to include increasing ocean temperature in a monitoring
program and perhaps also monitor toxic algae since literature indicates more frequent algal
blooms due to climate change. To achieve this goal a network of “fjord lab” observatories are
suggested to monitor in situ chemical, physical and biological parameters simultaneously
along the coast.
Andrew King – Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)
NIVA has an ocean acidification SIS (strategic institute priority area) in 2013-2016 containing
six tasks:
1. Development of an autonomous ocean acidification observing capacity
2. Development of a wold-class capacity for ocean acidification studies
3. Understanding the marine carbonate system from remote platforms
4. Scenarios of ocean acidification
5. Effects of ocean acidification an climate change on marine ecosystems
6. Socio-economic aspects of ocean acidification
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Marine systems and biological responses are complex and we lack mechanistic understanding
and the ability to predict the effects of ocean acidification on an ecosystem level. Ocean
acidification will occur in parallel with climate change and other anthropogenic impacts so
how do we delineate the effects of multiple stressors? Ocean acidification and climate change
will occur over relatively long temporal scales meaning that observation and experimentation
must be couples with modelling.
Ingunn Skjelvan – UNI Research
UNI Research has conducted field sampling for several years on the carbonate chemistry at
locations along the coast and in fjords. They are also a part of Norwegian Environmental
Agency monitoring program. Uni Research also has a strategic institute priority area (SIS) for
the period 2015 to 2021 where ocean acidification is an important part.
3. Discussion
3.1 General discussion
There was a general consensus that although there has been research on ocean acidification
the past 10 year, we still know very little about the effects on marine life. There are large
variation in responses, also in closely related species and we need to understand more about
individual species, but also scale up to population and ecosystem levels. Possible adaptation
(over one or more generations), effects on the food-web, responses to diseases and effects on
the microbial community are areas that we need to study. There is a great need for long time
series and to build up archives.
It is important to monitor the carbonate system variables and measure at least two
components to calculate the others, through the whole water column. We know more about
the situation in the open ocean than we do about the benthos. It is likely much larger
variation in the benthos on both short and long timescales. We know very little about the
conditions along the coast and in particular in the fjords, although some monitoring is in
progress. The fjords are likely to vary more than the open ocean. Methods and equipment for
doing this are approaching and it should have priority.
It could perhaps be interesting to investigate at what species/groups that benefits from ocean
acidification. Could a “winner” be easier to detect and be suitable as indicators? More
information on possible benthic indicators are also needed.
Questions aroused to why it was necessary to have an indicator specific to ocean acidification
as there are so many other stressors effecting the organisms. In environmental management
and advice, it is important to know if one stressor is more important than others are and it
gives the possibility to quantify the pressure. It is important to be able to show the specific
effects of ocean acidification in order to influence a reduction in CO 2-emission. It also gives
an argument to reduce local stressors.
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Even though there is still much we need to learn and understand, there is a need to start
monitoring now. The changes are already occurring and it is always possible to refine/change
a monitoring plan when more knowledge has become available. There has to be a balance to
what is ideal and what is realistic, it should not be too complicated and might need to be
done stepwise. Even if some species are chosen it does not exclude others. It has to be
economically viable and easy.
In order for monitoring using biological indicators to be efficient it is important to also look at
what is being done internationally. By cooperating on which species/groups to monitor the
results will be comparable between oceans and provide the bigger picture. OSPAR and ICES
would be natural collaborators for Norway and is encouraged by the Ministry of Climate and
Environment that Norway takes the lead.
It was agreed upon that we need to start monitoring now but no full consensus was reached
on which species to use. Suggestions of species included pteropods, foraminiferans,
echinoderm larvae, copepods, adult echinoderms and brittle stars. Of these suggestions,
there was a general agreement that the pteropods seems to best fulfil the requirements for
the task at this stage. It is already in use in the US and one of the suggested groups in other
countries. It is specific to ocean acidification and gives an early warning on the conditions,
they are easy to collect and integrate in existing programs. The methodology for collection,
preservation and assessment criteria are already established, and it is abundant in Norwegian
waters. However, it will most likely not be enough with only one species. Systems are
different and it should be considered to also have an indicator species that is not a calcifier,
although there are several challenges in this and such an indicator will need to be more
clearly examined.
3.2 Specific questions
The Norwegian Environment Agency had before the workshop distributed a suggestion of nine
questions to be discussed to the participants. The discussion did not follow these in particular
but was more general, although touching upon several of the questions.
1. Is there scientific base for monitoring biological effects of ocean acidification?
Yes, for a few species/groups, but most need more research.
2. Are there measurable biological effects that mostly is the result of changes in the
carbon chemistry related to ocean acidification, and only less effected by other
parameters, as for example temperature of food availability?
So far, the pteropods appear to have the most effect-specific reactions of the
species/groups discussed. But also foraminiferans show potential, although more
research is still needed.
3. In which geographical areas, at which times of the year and on which depths can we
expect to find biological effects first?
The northern areas are likely to be most affected by ocean acidification. It is likely
during the winter/dark period of the year that the effect will be largest and it is the
surface layers that will be effected first.
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4. In which habitats can we expect to find biological effects at an early stage? The
pelagic or in the benthic?
No conclusion.
5. Which types of biological effects are expected to occur first?
Likely effects on calcification, but also on physiology and reproduction. The first
responses will be on the individual level, but it can be expected to see impact on
population level in near future.
6. Which groups of organisms should be monitored with regard to possible biological
effects from ocean acidification?
Calcifiers are likely to be affected but also non-calcifiers in relation to physiological
effects. Pteropods are suggested, as well as foraminiferans, echinoderm larvae and a
non-calcifier, possibly copepods. Also adult echinoderms and brittle stars were
mentioned.
7. Which biological effects can be expected to predict socio-economic consequences
through interactions with the food chain that includes harvestable stocks? Which
taxonomical groups can be expected to have biological effects that are suspected to
contribute to large changes in the ecosystem?
Not discussed.
8. Does it exist already collected material that could be useful to look into?
No conclusion.
9. How can we achieve the most cost efficient method of monitoring as possible?
Chose species that can be added into already existing monitoring programs and share
resources with other countries. But the most cost efficient might not be the most
suitable.
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Attachment 1
PDFs of all presentations
Cecilie von Quillfeldt
Peter Thor
Melissa Chierici
Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt
Johanna Järnegren
Nina Bednarsek
Maj Arnberg
Andrew King
11
Cecilie H. von Quillfeldt
Ocean acidification workshop
Oslo, 17 September 2015

Background

Monitoring

Coupling between monitoring, objectives and
measures/action

Challenges

Recommendations
Photo: H. Strøm

Overall, integrated and
comprehensive policy on the marine
environment based on an ecosystem
approach

Tools and processes for
implementation of ecosystembased management
 oceans
 coastal areas
 freshwater areas

Proposals for new policy in areas of
major importance for the marine
environment

All Norwegian sea areas covered, but
Norwegian part of the Barents Sea as
a pilot

Integrated Management plan for
the Barents Sea and Lofoten
(2006):
Follow up – updated early 2011
and then April 2015

Integrated Management plan for
the Norwegian Sea(2009):
Follow up – updating at the
latest in 2015?

Integrated Management plan for
the North Sea – Skagerrak (2013)
Need for comprehensive, ecosystem-based
management
The purpose of the Integrated Management Plan of the Barents Sea-Lofoten area is
to provide a framework for the sustainable use of natural resources and goods derived
from the area and at the same time maintain the structure, functioning and productivity
of the ecosystems of the area.
Evaluate conflicting interest
Help achieve consensus
about the management
Setting the levels for acceptable influence by human
Make guidelines for activities
Identify gaps in knowledge
Make guidelines for monitoring
Desember 2006
Management by areas
Protected areas
Framework for petroleum activities
September 2007
Establish mandatory lanes for
shipping
Other geographical regulations
Guidelines for activity
Time limitation
Volume limitation
Equipment restrictions
Other demands upon technology

Implemented through existing legislations
 2008 Oceans Resources Act
 1996 Petroleum Act
 2009 Biodiversity Act
 1981 Pollution Act
 Etc.
C. von Quillfeldt
The management plan builds on a comprehensive set of knowledge, but
it also reveals that there are considerable needs for further knowledge.
Seabird distribution
Environmental
monitoring & research
Photo: Hallvard Strøm, NPI
Geological mapping
Screening of
hazardous chemicals

Usefulness of measures in ecosystem approach to
management












Law of the Sea Convention
Convention on Biological Diversity
Johannesburg-declaration
Malawi-protocol
UN Agreement on Management of Straddling Fish
stocks
Stockholm Convention
OSPAR Convention
EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive
SOLAS – Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
MARPOL – Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships
STCW – Convention on Standards of Training,
Certification and Watch keeping for Seafarers
Etc.
Haliclystus auricola
Foto: B. Gulliksen & E. Svensen

International Council for the Exploration
of the Sea (ICES)
North-East Atlantic Fisheries
Commission (NEAFC)
Arctic Council (LME, MPA, AOR, OGA,

AMSA follow-up, RPA, ABA, CBMP, SWIPA.
VACCA. AACA, EA)
EU








Nordic Council
Norwegian-Russian cooperation
(environment and fishery)
UN’s International Maritime
Organization (IMO)
Other management plans for sea areas
National plan for MPAs
etc
Photo: N. Øien
The Integrated Management Plans are to be updated on a regular basis.
E.g. the Barents Sea:
- First update: spring 2011.
- A complete revision of the whole management plan within 2020.
Source: A.H. Hoel
The Government
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Petroleum
and Energy
Ministry of Local
Government and
Modernisation
Ministry of Climate and
Environment
Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
Ministry of Trade,
Industry and Fisheries
Ministry of Justice and
Public security
Ministry of Labour and
Social Affairs
2 advisory groups: 16 key agencies & research institutions
Photo: C.H. von Quillfeldt
The plan opens for an expanded and coordinated
monitoring of the environment

Monitoring system based on indicators,
reference values and thresholds for
action

Updated knowledge about changes in the
state of the environment

Researchers and authorities can make
cross-sectoral assessments and implement
necessary measures to improve the
environment
R. Barrett
State/Pressure/Effect
The Atlantic puffin (Fratercula
arctica) may be an indicator of the
availability of small pelagic fish.
Indicator
Ocean climate
Temperature, salinity and nutrients along fixed
transects
Phytoplankton
Timing of spring bloom
Zooplankton
Zooplankton biomass in the Norwegian Sea
Fish stocks
Spawning stock of Norwegian spring-spawning herring
Reference value
Action threshold
Summer and winter averages, last 10
years
Average value over last 10 years
Average value over last 10 years
Precautionary reference point
Estimated spawning stock is below
precautionary reference point
Average population numbers for last 10
years + historical data
Unexpected decrease of more than 20 %
in minke whale population over 5-year
period
Seabirds
Population trend for kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla)
Average for last 10 years + historical data
Population decrease of 20 % or more in 5
years, or deviation of more than 10 %
from expected adult survival rate, or
failed breeding 5 years in a row
Benthic communities and habitats
Status of selected vulnerable habitats
Status of known habitats
Significant change
Vulnerable and endangered species
Vulnerable and endangered species and species for
which Norway has special responsibility
Viable population level and historical data
on population levels
Population of selected species is below
the level considered to be viable
Alien species
Records of alien species
Historical data
Alien species recorded during monitoring
or risk of introduction of alien species
Pollutants
Atmospheric inputs
Natural background level
Steady rise in pollutant concentrations
continuing for specified number of years,
or sudden large rise from one sample to
the next in an area
Marine mammals
Spatial distribution of whale communities
Indicator: Spawning stock of Norwegian-Arctic cod
Type: (E) State of the ecosystem
(I) Impact of human pressure
Time series: Based on a time series updated by ICES once a year
Ecological quality objective: The stock must be fished in accordance with harvesting rules approved by ICES
In use? The environmental quality objective is the same as the Joint Norwegian-Russian Fisheries Commission uses in its management of the cod
stock
The indicator was proposed by: The Working Group for Fish Stocks and Fisheries, and has been adjusted in response to proposals arising from the
Barents Sea Conference on 24-25 May 2005
Other indicators based on Norwegian-Arctic cod:
Fishing mortality
Stomach content
Pollution


Pressures
Importance





Ecology
Economic etc.
1400
Tusen tonn
1200
Description of the indicator
800




600
Scientific background
Available data and future needs
Threshold value?
Effect of management?
Description of the objective
Figure
Gytebestand (SSB) for norsk-arktisk torsk
1000
SSB
Blim
Bpa
400
200
0
1946
1951
1956
1961
1966
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
Figure 27 Spawning stock biomass of Norwegian-Arctic cod in 1946 - 2004, with Blim
and Bpa (see Box 1 for explanation). Based on data from ICES.
Clione limacina
Photo: B. Gulliksen



International conventions and agreements
National Norwegian environmental goals
Management plans
 Qualitative descriptions/Ecological objectives/Management goals
 Quantitative targets used in monitoring etc.

Other measures
Gymnelus retrodorsalis
Eumicrotremus spinosus
Photo: B. Gulliksen & E. Svensen

Strategic/overarching
objectives
 Overriding considerations

High-level operational
objectives/qualitative
descriptors
 Management actions
▪ Specific guidelines
 Environmental status
▪ Desired state of the
environment
Management of the Barents Sea–Lofoten
area will ensure that diversity at ecosystem,
habitat, species and genetic levels, and the
productivity of ecosystems, are maintained.
Human activity in the area will not damage
the structure, functioning, productivity or
dynamics of ecosystems (St. meld. nr. 8 (20052006)).
A representative network of protected
marine areas will be established in
Norwegian waters, at the latest by 2012. This
will include the southern parts of the Barents
Sea–Lofoten area. (St. meld. nr.8 (2005-2006)).
Harvested species will be managed within
safe biological limits so that their spawning
stocks have good reproductive capacity.
(St. meld. nr.8 (2005-2006)).

Pollution
 Hazardous and radioactive substances (1)
 Operational discharges (1)
 Litter and environmental damage resulting from waste (1)

Safe seafood (1)

Risk of damage due to acute pollution (2)

Biodiversity
 Valuable areas (3)
 Species management (5)
 Habitat conservation (1)

Biodiversity and ecosystem






Achieving good environmental status (1)
Particularly valuable and vulnerable areas and habitats (1)
Management of habitat types and species (4)
Sustainable harvesting and use (4)
Alien organisms (1)
Value creation, commercial activities and society

Fisheries and seafood (3)
 Petroleum activity (2)
 Offshore renewable energy (1)
 Maritime transport (1)

Pollution, marine litter and the risk of acute pollution





Climate change and ocean acidification (2)
Inputs of nutrients, sediment deposition and organic matter (1)
Pollution (6)
Marine litter (1)
Risk of acute pollution (2)

Goals for management of the North Sea and
Skagerrak
 When marine ecosystems are used as carbon sinks, the need to
maintain biodiversity and natural ecosystem functions will be taken
into account.
 The cumulative effects of human activities on habitats and species
that are affected by climate change or ocean acidification (e.g. coral
reefs) will be minimized, in order to maintain ecosystem functioning
as fully as possible.

Climate and ocean acidification
 Build up knowledge about the impacts of climate change and ocean
acidification, including rising sea temperature and the spread of alien
organisms (species or populations that do not occur naturally in the
North Sea and Skagerrak), and on the combined effects of ocean
acidification interacting with other pressures such as climate change,
pollution and other human activities in the area.
 Build up ecosystem resilience to withstand climate change and ocean
acidification.
 Build up knowledge about carbon uptake in marine vegetation types.
Mål: Undersøke status når det gjelder pH og
karbonsystem i norske havområder, få mer
kunnskap om naturlige svingninger og
geografiske forskjeller, og finne ut hvor fort
forsuringen skjer.
Oppstart: 2010
Parametere: pH, uorganisk karbon, alkalinitet,
oppløst CO2, næringssalter
Frekvens: Prøvetaking og analyser 1-4
ganger i året. Rapportering hvert år.
Utføres av: Havforskningsinstituttet (HI),
Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA) og Uni
Research
Source: Miljodirektoratet.no

Increased knowledge
 Ecosystems interactions, functions and resilience
 Impacts
 Cumulative impacts

Research, mapping, monitoring

Wishful thinking???
 Indicators for use in evaluation of environmental quality goals
Kilde: abcnyheter.no
E. Paasche
B. Gulliksen & E. Svensen
B. Gulliksen & E. Svensen
Crossaster papposus
Photo: B. Gulliksen & E. Svensen

Formulation of objectives
 E.g. possible effects of climate/ocean acidification not considered for all sea
areas

Choice of ”indicators”
 Ensure sufficient information and data coverage
 Few effect indicators

Data deficiency
 ”Unrealistic”: Genetic diversity in order to evaluate changes of genetic
diversity
 Increased data collection – better evaluations in the near future

Descriptive(textual) evaluation and/or quantitative (measurable) targets

Connection to ongoing national monitoring

Connection to international processes/reporting requirements
Photo:H. Hop

There should be a distinction between strategic/overarching
objectives and operational objectives (qualitative and
quantitative using indicators), i.e. where are indicators
needed?
 Specific – Objectives should be clearly defined.
 Measurable – It should be possible to quantify the objectives.
 Achievable – Targets should be achievable in practice.
 Realistic – Defined targets should be achievable in the given time
frame.
 Time-bound – A timeline should establish the deadlines for the
fulfillment of defined targets.
Source: www.mesma.org
Ocean acidification workshop
Oslo, 17 September 2015
Effects on pelagic organisms
Peter Thor
Norwegian Polar Institute
Fram Centre Flagship ”Ocean acidification and ecosystem
effects in Northern waters”
FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment
Flagship «Ocean Acidification and Ecosystem Effects in Northern Waters»
Generality of OA
Wittmann and Pörtner 2013, Nature Climate Change
Range of pHs experienced by plankton
(at lower lattitudes)
Days
Hofmann et al 2011
Important groups of plankton
• Calcifiers
•
•
•
•
•
•
Imparied calcification (building of CaCO3 skeleton)
Coccolithophores (- arctic)
Foraminiferans
Mussel larvae
Echinoderm larvae
Pteropods
• Non-calcifiers
•
•
•
•
Increased energy expenditure
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Copepods
Coccolithophores
Emiliania huxleyi
Gephyrocapsa oceanica
Pre-industrial
280 µatm
Year 2100
750 µatm
Riebesell et al 2000
Coccolithophores
Emiliania huxleyi
Gephyrocapsa oceanica
Riebesell et al 2000
Foraminiferans
Holocene:
Present day:
Year 2100:
280 µatm CO2
365 µatm CO2
750 µatm CO2
Moy et al 2009
Foraminiferans
Moy et al 2009
Mussel larvae
Echinoderm larvae
Sam Dupont pers. comm.
Echinoderm larvae
Dupont et al 2010
Pteropods
Lischka et al 2010
Pteropods
Lischka et al 2010
Pteropods
Lischka et al 2010
Important groups of phyto- and zooplankton
• Calcifiers
•
•
•
•
•
•
Impaired calcification (building of CaCO3 skeleton)
Coccolithophores
Foraminiferans
Mussel larvae
Echinoderm larvae
Pteropods
• Non-calcifiers
•
•
•
•
Increased energy expenditure
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Copepods
Diatoms
• Ocean acidification stimulate diatom growth under low to moderate
levels of light
• Growth inhibition when combined with excess light
• The net effects of ocean acidification on marine primary producers
therefore largely dependent on the photobiological conditions
Gao et al 2012, Gau and Campbell 2013
Dinoflagellates and other HAB groups
Fu et al 2014
Copepods
Lewis et al 2013, PNAS
Copepods
Calanus
Oithona
Lewis et al 2013, PNAS
Copepods
C. Glacialis naupliar development
Bailey et al. in prep
Copepods
OA studies on C. glacialis
Respiration, body
mass unaffected
Hildebrandt et al. 2014
2 months
No effect on egg production
7 days Weydmann et al. 2012
Hatching delay
Weydmann et al. 2012
9 days
Lower survival
Lewis et al. 2014
7 days
No effect larval on development
Bailey, Browman, Thor et al.
2 months, 8 stages
Copepods
Results from Browman group, IMR
Copepods
Pseudocalanus acuspes egg production
EPR, eggs ind-1 d-1
3 weeks
2nd generation
pH: 8.05
7.75
67% 29%
7.54
Thor and Dupont, Global Change Biology 2015
Copepods
Clutch size, eggs ind-1
Pseudocalanus acuspes egg production
20
18
16
pH: 8.05
7.75
7.54
Thor and Dupont, Global Change Biology 2015
How to monitor?
• Correlations to carbonate chemistry/pH
– Abundances, biomasses, production, ...
• Sample traits affected by pH
– Morphology, size, ...
1970-79
1990-99
2000-09
Coccolithophores
1960-69
Beaugrand et al 2012
1960-69
1970-79
1990-99
2000-09
Beaugrand et al 2012
Who to monitor?
• Canary in the coal mine-species
– Forams, pteropods, echinoderm larvae
• Ecologically important species
– Copepods
• Sampling possible at high frequencies
– Forams, Coccolithophores, copepods
• OA effects easily analysed and interpreted
–?
Havforsuringsovervåking
kjemiske og biologiske
parametrer
Melissa Chierici (IMR)
Innspill fra:
Tina Kutti (IMR) and Jan Helge Fosså (IMR)
Agneta Fransson (NPI)
Chemical change is to monitor the…
Marine carbonate system
CO2 (atm)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CO2+ H2O
H2CO3
H+ + HCO3H+ + CO32Carbonic acid=weak acid bicarbonate=base
pH~8
1%
90%
Buffer system that control H+ changes
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
carbonate=base
9%
What do you need to monitor changes and
drivers of the OA state?
• Baseline data of carbonate system to assess
change
 at least 2 out of 4 measurable params, calculate ,
pH, pCO2 and more
• Study biological, physical and chemical processes
that control the variations of OA
 need ancillary data such as nutrients and tracers
• Seasonal and interannual studies in the whole
water column
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
Challenge: Ocean CO2 is mostly natural!
• Not typical pollutant  no clear danger level (no
LD50), and varies for different organisms
• ”Background” CO2 levels differ in different
regions and seasons
• Look for a small change in a large background
• CO2 system changes with T, S, mixing, biological
processes and air-sea CO2, calcification
• And uptake of anthropogenic CO2
•  require long time series
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
Monitoring OA state in Norwegian waters: 2011(IMR,UNI, NIVA)
Miljødirektoratet
Spitsbergen
•Water column carbonate system
•Surface water pCO2
•Surface water carbonate system
Barentshavet
F-B
Gimsøy-NV
Annual report
Data to data bases
Data used in assessments
Scientific peer-review publications
Norskehavet
Stn M
Svinøy
-NV
Nordsjøen
T-H
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
Fram Centre OA Flagship project: Annual field
activity for OA studies in the Arctic Ocean
(IMR/NPI/NIVA)
A-TWAIN
NPI repeat transect annually since 2011
Main observations along a section
at 79ºN across Fram Strait –
Annually in Aug/Sep (here focus
is on 2011-2012).
++
Surface seasonal data
Tromsø to Svalbard
NIVA
A-TWAIN: annual N. of Svalbard
Hydrography (CTD)
•Water samples:
AT, CT, nutrients
18O, CDOM
+Automated water sampler for seasonal studies (+)
Photo: A. Fransson
CaCO3 saturation: , useful parameter?
Production of skeleton and shell is biologically controlled
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3(calcite, aragonite):
Ca2+ +
+energy
2xHCO3-  CaCO3(s)
+ H2CO3*
BUT dissolution of CaCO3 is chemically controlled.
Aragonite is the least stable CaCO3 form 
Aragonitic organisms may be particularly sensitive to OA
Pteropods, cold water corals…
Ex. Corals, pteropods, phytoplankton
 = [CO32-]sw/ [CO32-]sat (pressure and
temperature)
 < 1 undersaturated, dissolution
 > 1 supersaturated
Coccolitiforiten Emiliania Huxleyi
M. Chierici, Miljødirektoratet, 17 september 2015
How useful is  (= CO32-) to understand
ecosystem effects of OA?
Organisms have several pathways
to form CaCO3. Mostly NOT from CO32A: Intra and extracellular calcification corals
B: Mollusc shell are from 3 sources: 1) HCO3- from sw
2) Metabolic CO2 and 3) tissue CO32C: Coralline seaweeds use HCO3- and CaCO3 is precipitated
intercellularly, within the outer layer of the crust
D: Coccolithophores also employ HCO3- for intracellular calcification,
within the coccolith vesicle
The arrow (fl) denotes precipitation ⁄ biomineralization of
calcium carbonate within the organism.
Roleda et al., 2012 and references therein
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
However,  is important indicator to monitor
chemical change in the ocean as a stressor and in
some cases also ecosystem effects
Reef building Cold water Corals (CWC):
Long lived, new growth (polyps) are on top of old ”dead” corals
The reef makes the foundation for new growth.
Likely that new polyps handle OA well if fed well
However, <1 waters may dissolve the reef structure
 collapse of reef. New growth will be limited to ”spots”
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
Ex: Pteropod Limacina helicina
• Large role in Arctic ecosystem
• Aragonite forming
• Shown to be vulnerable to low pH, high pCO2,
– Calcification decreased 28% (Comeau et al.,
2009)
– Sensitive to aragonite saturation state ().
– both effect of T and CO2, decreased rate
(Comeau et al., 2010).
• Life cycle: juveniles and larvae reside in PML during
winter when  is lowest
Major OA monitoring projects at IMR and
FRAM centre projects
funding
Motivation
NoS, NorWS, 2011-2012
BarSea
2013-2016
Klif
Miljødir..
Assess the OA
state in Norwegian
waters
Arctic,
Svalbard
(fjords),
Barents Sea,
Framstredet
2011-ongoing
KMD
NFD
chem
Fram Centre-OA
FLS
OASTATE
•Establish time
serie in the Arctic
•Assess Arctic OA
•OA state in
exchange waters
Bio
chem
Fram Centre-OA
FLS
Pteropod project
Svalbard
fjords
(MOSJ
logistics)
2015
KMD
•Sample L.helicina
For shell thickness
and composition
Bio
chem
FATE/CoralCarb
Hola
Røst
2011/2015
NFR
NFD (T.Kutti)
Miljødir
(Chierici)
•Chemistry, biology
and physics around
CWC and sponge
reefs
chem
Name
Ocean region
Havforsurings
overvåking i
Norske farvann”MOANOR”
period
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
Monitoring of coral and sponges
• Health status of selected coral and sponge
ecosystems assessed using structural and
functional indicators
• Identify and measure ecosystem disturbance caused by e.g. bottom trawling, oil exploration,
aquaculture, ocean warming and acidification
Lophelia pertusa
Geodia barretti
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
IMR Annual ROV surveys since 2011
• Visual surveys:
– Sediment cover, proportion live/dead, incidence of disease
• Collection of fauna:
– Calcification rates - alkalinity anomaly (Lophelia)
– Skeleton properties (Lophelia)
– Growth
– Energy storages (% tissue, total FA)
– Respiration & feeding
• Bottom water sampling/water column:
– AT & CT, salinity & temperature, full water column 2015
– food (bacteria, total organic carbon, nutrients, ammonia),
suspended organic and inorganic matter)
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
Time series data from long-term monitoring
give baseline to assess changes
•
•
•
•
•
•
Targets 2 key species in sensitive & vulnerable coral
reefs and sponge aggregations
Sites revisited every 3-5 years
Establishes a time series with
data necessary for assessing impacts
of anthropogenic disturbance
Funded by NFD, IMR
>2 million NOK every year
Project lead:
Jan Helge Fosså & Tina Kutti
Sites surveyed in
2014 & 2015
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
CoralCarb
• Miljødirektoratet extra funding 2015
• Aim: Improve understanding on the reponse and
adaptation of CWCs ecosystems to warming and
OA
• Increase knowledge regarding the natural
variability in the chemical and physical processes
at CWCs ecosystems in Norwegian waters
• This is connected to FATE (NFR T. Kutti) for key
biological processes
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
cont. CoralCarb
• Water sampling for determination of the full
carbonate chemistry at Træna, Sula, Hola
reefs
• Detailed physical oceanograpy survey of reef
sites (currents..)
• MAREANO project for bottom water and
information on present ecosystems in new
areas (eg.Nordland)
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
Pteropod shell thickness and composition in
different regimes
FRAM + MOSJ (Monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen)
• Project started in 2012. In 2015 project FRAM OA FLS
Lead: Agneta Fransson (NPI)
• Biological sampling parallell to water sampling for
carbonate chemistry, nutrients, physics
• Sampling in Rijpfjorden Kongsfjorden,
• July, ( January, April-phys-chemical only)
• Other Svalbard fjords in collaboration with UNIS initiated
in 2015
• Part of international network on Pteropods
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
Rijpfjorden July 2012 collection
Station
In fjord
Outside fjord
#L.helicina
Sample
Depth
(m)
Bottom
Depth (m)
Ar
Ar
range
018/R3
(i.e 021)
40
20
209
2.49
1.54-2.49
026/R4
15
200
124
1.5*
1.54-2.40
030/R5c
12
80
115
1.57
1.57-2.66
•# of L.helicina decreased from inner to outer fjord
• in fjord: upper 20 m at relatively high Ar.
Shell ”quality”: MXCT scan
Collaboration with JAMSTEC, Japan
K.Kimoto and N. Harada
Shell thickness
Shell density/porosity
Development?
K.Kimoto, JAMSTEC
K.Kimoto, JAMSTEC
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
L. Helicina ”measurements”
• Isotope ratios in shells- Piotr Kuklinski
(Poland, UK)
– Shell structure and mineral composition related to
phys-chem variables
• Mineral composition Confocal Raman Laser
(Gernot Nehrke, AWI)
– Shell composition variability
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
Use carbonate system data to project
changes at special sites
Final report to OSPAR 2015
from Study Group of Ocean
Acidification
(SGOA)
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
Annex 6: Assess current and
projected exposure
of CWCs in NE Atlantic
Projected change in  Storegga
CWC reef (L.pertusa)
Projected change in pH at Sula
CWC reef (L.pertusa)
Olsen, Tjiputra, E. McGovern, M. Wadle, J.Hall-Spencer,
M. Chierici, J. Järnegren, M. Roberts
Norwegian seas
• These seas have already taken up a large part of the
anthropogenic CO2  resulted in decreased saturation
state/increased dissolution ().
Further CO2 uptake will result in undersaturation within
next 100 years.
• Barents Sea and area north of Svalbard are especially
vulnerable due to climate change such as increased
freshwater (river, meltwater), warming, decreased sea ice
cover (summer), increased Atlantic water inflow which
contains high CO2 /low pH/low 
 all these factors likely contribute to enhance OA
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
FRAM Science Days
10-11th November 2015, Tromsø
“Multi-stressors in the Arctic Marine Ecosystem”
• www.framsenteret.no scroll down to ”news” and follow
link to register
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
Takk
Cirroteuthis muelleri ”Dumbo” octopus
from NW Svalbard (79.40N 7E), 800 meters depth
Photo: Vitaly Syomin
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
Recommendations (personal)
• In Norwegian seas we are doing the minimum amount of necessary
observations. Expand seasonality in water column to discern drivers
• Continue to monitor changes in Fram Strait: integrated signal of
change in the Arctic valuable climate change effects and feedbacks
• Lack of coastal and fjord data. Expand.
• Increased demand on OAstate information on cold-water corals.
Probably also for sponges. Expand monitoring of bottom waters.
MAREANO great opportunity
• Parallell sampling of indicator species, such as pteropods.
ØKOTOKT great opportunity.
• Cabled observatories and sensors at CWCs
• Use new technology, sensors (pH and pCO2 sensors), satellite and
ship, proxies (investigate proxies: AT-S relationship and pCO2
surface waters -> calculate other params
M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015
Motivation
• Ocean has taken up 1/3 of human CO2 at
a fast rate
Caused a shift in carbonate chemistry
towards a less basic state (more acidic)
This may have implications for the marine
ecosystem, likely mainly negative
What do we know of effects on
fish and shellfish?
Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt
Much have been published
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Google scholar searching for
“ocean acidification”+“effect”
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Google scholar searching for
“ocean acidification” “effect”
4000
Total: 22 551
3000
2000
1000
0
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
2 800
Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt
European lobster
Ellen S. Grefsrud
Great & Icelandic
scallop, European
lobster
Tom Hansen
mackerel
Knut Y. Børsheim
Phytoplankton
Thomas Torgersen
mackerel
Padmini Dalpadado Sissel Andersen
Anders Mangor-Jensen Howard
Browman
Krill, Mysids
Great scallop &
Atlantic cod
Icelandic scallop
Calanus, herring,
cod
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Tina Kutti
Corals,
sponges
Research activities at IMR
FISH
• Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus)
• Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
• Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Atlantic mackerel
Metabolic capacity
• Adults (approx. 580 gram)
• Strong temperature do effect feed intake
• No apparent CO2 effect on feed intake
Daily feed intake (%)
1,2
High pCO2
1
Control pCO2
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
-0,2
-0,4
Temperature (C)
Tom Hansen & T. Torgersen
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Atlantic cod
• Early-life stages (egg, larvae, juveniles)
• No effect on mortality rates from egg to juveniles
• No effect on growth, survival, blood parameters,
acid-base enzyme nor deformities
• No effect on swimming performance, foraging
behavior, nor growth
Anders Mangor-Jensen, R. Mangor-Jensen T. Harboe, S. Stefansson, G. Totland
Howard Browman, A.B. Skiftesvik, Bailey, Bellerby et al.
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Ocean Acidification
Expected to have physiological effects
on many marine animals, particularly
those with calcium carbonate shells or
exoskeletons
Fabry 2008
Uavhjort 12 mars 2015. Ellen, Sam & Ann-Lisbeth.
Research activities at IMR
SHELLFISH
• Great scallop (Pecten maximus)
• Icelandic scallop (Chlamys islandica)
• Krill (Nyctiphanes couchii)
• Mysids (Praunus flexosus)
• European lobster (Homarus gammarus)
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Great scallop
• Early-life stages
• Decreased survival
• Decreased growth
50
140
Survival (%)
Size (mm) - shell heigth
pH 7.94
130
40
pH 7.74
120
30
pH 7.54
110
20
100
10
90
0
0
3
6
9
12
Days since spawned
15
80
0
3
6
9
12
Days since spawned
15
Sissel Andersen, E. Grefsrud, T. Harboe
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Deformities
in the early larval stages
100
%
deformed
80
60
40
20
0
7,94
Ambient
7,74
7,54
Sissel Andersen, E. Grefsrud, T. Harboe
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Krill &
Chamelon shrimp
Nyctiphanes couchii
Praunus flexuosus
Ca. 5mm
• Growth (moulting), activity (swimming), reproduction
& survival
• Krill
- No effect on intermoult period nor growth
- Decreased survival at exposure
• Chamelon Shrimp
- No effect on survival
- Effect on growth (exposed juveniles
moulted less freq)
Padmini Dalpadado, A. Mango-Jensen, I. Oppstad, E. Sperfeld & I.Semb Johansen
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
European lobster
(Homarus gammarus)
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
European lobster
• No clear size effect of pCO2 (larvae nor juveniles)
• Moulting time affected – it took longer time
• Deformities found in the exoskeleton in larvae
> 42 % deformed at high exposure
10°C
18°C
% deformed
50
40
30
20
10
0
Ambient Medium
High
Ambient Medium
High
Agnalt, E.S. Grefsrud, E. Farestveit, F. Keulder, M. Larsen, I. Uglenes, G. Thorsheim, L. Fonnes
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektroatet, Oslo 17 september 2015
European lobster
Normal juvenile
Deformities in
walking legs and
claws
• Higher temperature resulted in
more deformities
• At 14°C - 30% were deformed
• At 20°C - 85 % were deformed
Agnalt et al. 2013, Agnalt unpublished
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Moving forward
• SEM-what is going on in the exoskeleton?
• Behaviour – Can juveniles sense OA and therefore
move away?
• Gastroliths (calcium storage) – what happens during the
moulting cycle (temperatures OA exposure)
Above
From the side
Agnalt, E.S. Grefsrud, E. Farestveit, M. Larsen, I. Uglenes, G. Thorsheim, L. Fonnes
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Moving forward
• Chemical analysis of the exoskeleton & gastroliths
Nr 10, old exoskeleton
14ºC, ambient
Ca/Mg = 7.3
New exoskeleton
Ca/Mg = 5.3
Gastroliths
Ca/Mg = 48.0
Agnalt, E.S. Grefsrud, E. Farestveit, M. Larsen, I. Uglenes, G. Thorsheim, L. Fonnes
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Research activities at IMR
COPEPODS
• Calanus finmarchicus
• Calanus glacialis
Calanus finmarchicus
PHYTOPLANKTON
• Chaetoceros sp.
• Rhodomonas sp.
• Skeletonema sp
Chaetoceros sp.
Rhodomonas sp.
CORALS & SPONGES
Skeletonema sp.
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Effect studies
• Survival / death
• Growth
•
•
•
•
•
Early work (adults)
Early-life stages
Physiology
Deformities
Multistressors
Adaptations
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Acute vs cronic exposure
• Many studies investigate acute effects of hours to days
• These studies missed long-term chronic effects ( > 1 year)
• OA will have long-term chronic effects
• Long-term trade-offs between the costs of “surviving”
(maintaining physiological homeostasis) and function
(growth and reproduction)
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Volcanic CO2 vent sites;
a “natural laboratory” to study
ocean acidification
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Volcanic CO2 vent sites
• Animals have naturally adapted/acclimatized over
generations
• There will be “Winners” and “Losers” , effects on
ecosystem services
• Changes in community structure and biodiversity decreases
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
OA- multistressor
It is important to recognize that OA is only one aspect of
global change and that synergistic effects involving other
variables in combination with pH must also be considered
• Temperature
• Hypoxia
• UV radiation
• Salinity
• Metal contaminants & others
• Biotic stressors (competition etc)
An increasing amount of evidence that the combination of
stressors pushes the species out of their tolerance limits
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
OA- multistressors
• Fishing pressure – adding to
the multistressors?
• Greater risk of overfishing?
• Do we need to change our
fisheries management?
• The ”one size fits all”
approach to OA research
does not take into account
local systems or regional
variability (Fitzer et. al 2013)
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektroatet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Open for discussion
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirktoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Carry-over effects
• Transition from a pelagic larval stage to a benthic juvenile stage
is crucial (vulnerable to a number of factors)
• The susceptibility of juveniles to elevates stress in the benthos
can be influence by prior larval experience.
• Such effects have shown to give smaller size at settlement,
slower growth & decreased survival
Hettinger et al. 2012, 2013, and references therin
Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015
Cold-water
corals and
Ocean
acidification
JOHANNA JÄRNEGREN
NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH - NINA
Cold-water Corals
 Deep, dark and cold
– 30-3400 m (200-600 m)
– 4-14 °C (6-8 °C)
– Salinity 32-38 psu (35-37)
• Slow growth - old
• Azooxanthellate
• Predator/omnivore
• Builds reefs or are solitary
• Biological ”hotspot” - A biodiversity equal to
tropical coral reefs
Cold-water corals and
associated species
Primnoa resedaeformis
Munidopsis serricornis
Paramuricea placomus
Photo: Kåre Telnes
Lophelia pertusa
Deleopecten vitreus
Anthelia borealis
Lophelia pertusa

Does not reduce calcification under long
term exposure (1-9 months) at 2100scenario

May be able to regulate internal pH at
the site of calcification

Expected to increase metabolism

Metabolism/respiration is maintained or
reduced

Increased energy requirement met
otherwise?

Reallocation of resources
Lophelia pertusa reproduction

Spawning occurs in treatments down to pH 7,5 / 1500 ppm
(parental colonies exposed for > 6 months)

Gametogenisis:


fecundity measurements to be processed
Oogenesis:

Development to ciliated larvae delayed with ~12 h at pH 7,66 / 1038
ppm

No apparent effect at pH 7,85 / 639 ppm (Control pH 8,02 / 409 ppm)

Pilot study on respiration rates indicates that newly ciliated
larvae in 639 ppm has higher respiration than control.

Only development, not mortality

More effect is expected in the process of settlement
Gorgonians – method
development

6 month experiment
 Paramuricea
placomus
 Primnoa
resedaeformis
 Anthelia
borealis
pH: 7,94 - 7,72 - 7,52
pCO2: ~500 – 900 – 1500
Temperature following natural variation
Gorgonians – method
development

Respiration

Reproduction (samples still to be
processed)

Hyperspectral Imaging (HI)

Metabolomics
100um
 NMR
Samples/Scores Plot of spec_array_glogbin
0.03
spectrometry
Scores on PC 2 (16.06%)
 Mass
1
2
3
95% Confidence Level
90
134
70 83
121
43
66 7682
69137
81129
108
1657
71
133107
60
50 122
62
9155 132
0.02
0.01
0
128
143 79 140
105
145 30 142
131 28
6 45819 115
101
21 144
104
75 73 15 7761 130
8974 96118
88
40
3 2 29
117
146
102 27
38
116138
141
119
92
95
113
135
120
139
8031 125
100 5967 52
12
147
41 124 36
109 11139
136
14823 5135
44
24 4932
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
Scores on PC 1 (61.94%)
0.02
0.04
0.06
% live tissue of whole animal dry weight
% live tissue of whole animal fresh weight
Fresh weight specific metabolic rate
Dry weight specific metabolic rate
Metabolomics – NMR
Chemical fingerprint

A snapshot of the metabolism, e. g. gives
information about biologically active compounds

The different corals have clear differences in the
metabolome but within each species we couldn’t
detect any effects of the treatments on the
metabolites we observed with current NMRprotocol

We for example observed small alakoid and
indole-struktures, like trigonelline, homarine,
tryptophan

Future work can contribute with identification och
metabolic markers connected to pH-changes
Obvious differences in the
metabolom of the three
species
Samples/Scores - PCA 7 PCs - spec_array_glogbin
Samples/Scores Plot of spec_array_glogbin
0.025
0.015
Scores on PC 2 (17.50%)
Anthelia
7879
53
80 88 32
0.02
73
0.01
28
Anthelia
0.005
51
0
-0.005
Primnoa
-0.01
-0.015
37 72 57
81
86
61
19
18
77
65 82
-0.02
-0.025
Paramuricea
92 27
5210
50
83
74
93 15
76
90
43
17
58
94
255
91
44
40 69
8575
84
63
70
42
87
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
Scores on PC 1 (37.13%)
0.02
0.03
Paramuricea placomus
Samples/Scores - PCA 5 PCs - spec_array_glogbin BARE
Paramuricea
Samples/Scores Plot of spec_array_glogbin
0.015
Scores on PC 2 (15.28%)
0.01
0.005
2667
25
470
75
863 47 4287
69
277448 83
71
64
50 92
62168939
3138
7613
49
119491
1 10
456646
43
36444152
15 5 51
85
93
0
-0.005
40
-0.01
-0.015
-0.02
-0.025
-0.03
-0.035
18
72
-0.02
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
Scores on PC 1 (24.13%)
0.01
0.015
0.02
Metabolomics – Mass
Spectrometry
Mass spectra (Electrospray ionization)
Metabolomics - MS

Initial PCA of all samples (three species)
Hyperspectral Imaging - HI
Optical fingerprint
HI spectra of the three different corals
1
0,9
Relative reflectance
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
Anthelia borealis
0,4
Paramuricea placomus
0,3
Primnoa resedaeformis
0,2
0,1
0
450
500
550
600
Wavelength (nm)
650
Hyperspectral Imaging - HI
HI spectra of Primnoa resedaeformis
1
0,9
Reative reflectance
0,8
0,7
0,6
Control start
0,5
Control end
0,4
PH 7.5
0,3
PH 7.7
0,2
0,1
0
450
500
550
600
650
Wavelength (nm)
No major detectable reflectance spectra changes in Primnoa resedaeformis as a
function of time nor pH
Hyperspectral Imaging - HI
HI spectra of Paramuricera placomus
1
Relative reflectance
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
Control start
0,5
Control end
0,4
PH 7.5
0,3
PH 7.7
0,2
0,1
0
450
500
550
600
650
wavelength (nm)
No detectable reflectance spectra changes in Paramuricea placomus as a
function of time nor pH
Hyperspectral Imaging - HI
Relative reflectance
Anthelia borealis
2
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
450
500
550
600
Wavelength (nm)
650
Control A
End
Control B
end
Control C
end
Control D
end
PH 7.5 A
end
PH 7.5 B
end
PH 7.5 C
end
PH 7.5 D
end
PH 7.7 A
end
- Detectable spectral changes only in Anthelia borealis
- Change in reflectance spectra shape of Anthelia borealis as a
function of time and decrease in PH, indicating degradation of
pigments.
Summary
Effects

OA effects the embryological development of L.
pertusa at pCO2 1000 ppm

OA effects respiration of P. placomus at pCO2 900
ppm
Consequences for the population or ecosystem?
Methods

Respiration and reproduction are still valid
methods to use

Metabolomics is at this stage not a useful method

HI possibly shows potential

Large variation within species creates challenges,
but also hope
Suggestions for indicator
species?

Cold-water corals

Important key species in the deep sea
ecosystem

Long lived, slow growth, long response time

Lack good method to monitor health
Not recommended as indicator species at this
stage
Better to look among the other 1290 associated
species
BUT – Ecologically important species where we
need to understand the effects of OA and find
suitable methods to monitor health!
Ocean acidification is not the
only thing effecting our oceans

Global warming

Increased temperature

Stratification

Change in species composition food

Decrease in salinity

Pollution

Mechanical disturbance
How will multiple stressors affect the
cold-water
coral communities?
Future work

Analyze data on the gametogenesis of L. pertusa
and gorgonians

Look at possible changes is spicule
structure/amount of P. placomus

Analyze data from 6 month experiment on
Munisopsis serricornis (Squat lobster) looking at
effects of OA and temperature combined

In 2016 we will look at the combined effects of
temperature and OA on oogenesis of L. pertusa
and also effects on mortality rates
Thank you to my colleagues
and contributors:

Sindre Pedersen, NINA/NTNU

Ragnhild Pettersen,
Ecotone/AkvaplanNIVA/NTNU

Matilde Chauton, SINTEF

Trond Størseth, SINTEF

Geir Johnsen, NTNU

Sandra Brooke, Florida State University, USA
Financial support by Flagship for
Ocean Acidification at FRAM –
High North Research Center and
Norwegian Environment Agency
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
Using pteropods as indicators in for
ocean acidification monitoring
From Science to Monitoring:
Methodological approach
Nina Bednaršek
University of Washington, Washington Ocean Acidification Center
Oslo biomonitoring workshop, September 2015
Global Importance of Pteropods
 Pteropods are shelled pelagic snails and belong to zooplankton
group.
 Found in all ocean basins mostly in the upper 200 m.
 Vital role within epipelagic food webs: high abundance, high
grazing rates and important food source for higher trophic levels .
 Pteropods contribute 20-42% to global carbonate budget
(Bednaršek et al., 2012).
 Pteropods in Norwegian waters with high ecological and
economic importance; 10-50 times higher abundances that in the
other ‘hot’ regions.
 Sensitive to small-scale changes in the environment; thus
considered an indicator of good health of the ecosystem
Pink salmon
Herring
Cod
Chum salmon
Jellies
Octopus
Siphonophores
Amphipod
Sockeye
Sablefish
Puffin
Whales
Mackerel
Auklet
Ocean Acidification along the US West Coast
Percentage of upper 100 m
corrosive for pteropod shells.
Expansion of corrosive waters
in the coastal environments
(spatial extent)
WA
WA
OR
OR
CA
CA
70% corrosive - habitat loss
WA
OR
CA
etSociety
al., in review.
Bednarsek et al., Proceedings Bednaršek
to the Royal
B, 2014
Duration and magnitude
of exposure to OA
Exposure of 2
weeks to
undersaturated
waters
WA
favorable
Vancouver Island
Visualizing the level of duration and
magnitude of exposure to OA as
pteropods traveling from North to South.
OR
Exposure 30+ days
to undersaturated
waters
Hermann, 2015
Bednaršek et al., in review
corrosive
Tracking drifting particles
(2 months, upwelling season).
Pteropods as indicators-increased shell dissolution
Attribution of the observed effects to ocean acidification
Shell dissolution closely corresponds to carbonate chemistry conditions
Changes in dissolution extent occur on a very short time scale of
response, from days to weeks.
A
B
More spatially extensive and severe than in the Southern ocean.
Dissolution of indicator of past, present and future
Pre-industrial level of dissolution only due to upwelling: naturally
occurring dissolution (18%)
Significant increase in the current level of dissolution  53% in the
coastal regions.
By 2050: ~70% of water column will be undersaturated 70% of
pteropods affected by severe dissolution in the coastal regions
Proportion of individuals with dissolution
Quantification of Pteropod Shell Dissolution
1.0
15
0.8
29
28
14
13
65
0.6
Off-shore (> 200 m)
6
On-shore, north (< 200 m)
On-shore, south (< 200 m)
0.4
21
0.2
73
0.0
0
61
57
69
37
75 31
87
95
20
40
60
80
100
% Undersaturated water
 Strong positive relationship between % of
undersaturated waters
and proportion of dissolved individuals1
 ↑ % of undersaturation  reduction in suitable habitat
availability pteropod trying to escape corrosive waters2
1Bednaršek
et al., 2014; 2Bednarsek and Ohman, 2015
Pteropods as indicators-reduction in calcification
Attribution of the observed effects to ocean acidification
 Epifluorescent dye calcein, incorporation ion the active sites
 Rapid screening test of calcification in the in situ conditions
 Useful for different pteropod species
Pteropods as indicators- reduction in calcification
Attribution of the observed effects to ocean acidification
Shell calcification closely corresponds to carbonate chemistry conditions.
Response on a very short time scale, from days to weeks.
1
Ω>1.2
2
0.9<Ω<1.2
3
Ω<0.9
1
3
2
Pteropods as indicators- swimming (dis)abilities
Attribution of the observed effects to ocean acidification
Pteropods as indicators- swimming disabilities
Attribution of the observed effects to ocean acidification
Pteropods as indicators-reduction in shell thickness
Attribution of the observed effects to ocean acidification
100
150
200
250
[CO32-] (µmol kg-1)
Visualization tool of biological response to Ω
50
Threshold for aragonite undersaturation
375
500
750
pCO2 (µatm)
1000
Dissolution is affecting individual survival
Harmonized Methodology :
Collection, Preservation, Species, Attributes
• Collection of pteropods in the field
1) Design of the protocol (depth, duration of
towing, day/night sampling/mesh size)
2) Targeted sampling approaches (specific site
location, capturing carbonate chemistry gradients,
trend assessment: changes in dissolution temporally
and spatially)
andreference
increasing
3) Reference Trends,
sites for changes
determining
over time,
cumulative impacts
conditionsstress
in unimpaired
waterbodies
US OA Integrated monitoring: Connecting the dots
Co-location of physical chemical and biological observations,
Across gradients (time and space)
Drivers, impacts, anthropogenic CO2 impact  hot spot regions
Agreed harmonized Methodology :
Collection, Preservation, Species, Attributes
Preservation method for collection:
• 90% buffered ethanol to use (prevents
dissolution and equally keeps biological
structurally stable)
Assessment criteria:
1) Species choice
• Polar, most dominant and ecologically important:
Limacina helicina (dissolution can be standardized,
reproducible)
• Sub-polar, increasing in numbers due to ↑ T : Limacina
retroversa
Agreed harmonized Methodology :
Collection, Preservation, Species, Attributes
2) Assessment criteria:
Observing parameters (short(er) vs long term
trends in attribution to OA ):
• Shell dissolution (extent, different types, how
many individuals affected, trend in dissolution
increase/severity)
• Abundance (long-term) to demonstrate
ecological importance
Pteropod shell under SEM
Type II
Type III
No dissolution
Johnson and Bednarsek, UW/WOA
Combined use of light microscope and SEM
No dissolution
No dissolution
Combined use of light microscope and SEM
Type I to II
Type I to II
Combined use of light microscope and SEM
Type II-III
Type II-III
Robust equation: reproducible results
100
90
2011
80
PERCENT INDIVIUALS WITH DISSOLUTION
70
60
50
40
2013
30
20
10
0
0
0,5
1
AVERAGE OMEGA
1,5
2
Integrated Monitoring on OA
‒ WA waters
‒ Physical, chemical and bio
OA monitoring
‒ Carbon variables
‒ Water quality
‒ Plankton:
phytoplankton,
microzooplankton,
macrozooplankton
‒ pteropods
Map: Greeley; Photos: Vander Giessen & USA Today
Pteropods as part of OA Monitoring
• Pteropod shells show signs of dissolution when exposed
to corrosive waters
• Patterns in time and space help us understand impacts
and drivers and early warning responses
La Push, coastal WA
Whidbey basin, Puget Sound
Photos: Johnson & Bednarsek
P136
P4
P381
P12
•
•
•
•
Pteropods already show shell dissolution in the natural environment
Strong correlation between intensity of OA and pteropod shell dissolution
Temporal development of dissolution.
Comparable patterns across space and time.
Monitoring
• Pteropod sampling is part of the integrated
monitoring
• Part of the zooplankton sampling (additional tow for
pteropods - one more ‘layer’ of observations)
• Cost-effective and rapid
• 3 times per year, cruises (physical+chem+bio)
• WA is the 1st state with pteropod monitoring
• Considerations of other coastal states and OSPAR
• Analyses: shell dissolution and abundances (shortterm vs long-term)
• Complementing carbon analyses temporal and
spatial resolution
With focus on Norway-existing monitoring
(volume water, gradients, drivers, impacts)
With focus on Norwegian waters
NW Barents Sea
NW Barents Sea
1)
2)
3)
4)
Low saturation state within pteropod habitat
Values triggering dissolution (Ω<1.3)
Progress of dissolution in time
Abundance changes from long-term zooplankton series
With focus on NW Barents Sea
The highest abundances1
Depth distribution: 200-300m
Fram Strait
Decline of L. helicina,
replacement with L. retroversa2
(energetically less rich)
1:
2L
Bednarsek et al., 2012, ESSD
Bauerfeind et al., 2013
Pteropods for OA monitoring
Implication of Ocean Acidification on Vertical
Distributions and Shell Dissolution of Pteropods and
Heteropods in the CCE-LTER study area
Pteropod are ideal biological indicator because:
respond to the small changes in Ωar very quickly sensitive
 do not respond to other parameters: specific
 reproducible results: robust and quantifiable indicator.
 provide early warning signal as well as cumulative response
 monitoring ubiquitous, rapid, cost-effective, easy-to-use
Know what is
happening in your
backyardGO MONITOR!
Thank you!
Overview of our research on
Ocean Acidification & Climate Change:
Effect of multiple stressors in the future ocean
We try to get an increased understanding of…
The importance of ocean acidification compared to other climate
stressors (especially temperature) for changing marine ecosystems
The importance of climate stressors relative to other stressors for
changing marine ecosystems
…. both anthropogenic stressors
 Pollution
Oil and Drilling mud (The Combined effects project)
Pesticides from aquaculture (The FLUCLIM project)
 Invasive species
 Habitat destruction
 Overexploitation of marine species
…. and natural stressors
 Predator presence (The OAPPI project)
 Low food availability
It is important to see things in perspective:
Combined effects of OA
and add-on stressor
Pandalus borealis
Meganycthiphanes norvegica
Cancer pagurus
Pycnopodia
helianthoides
Crossaster papposus
Strongylocentrotus
droebachiensis
Strongylocentrotus
franciscanus
Asterias rubens
Sam Dupont
Laboratory
Lophelia pertusa
experiments
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis
Mytilus edulis
Chris Harley &
Megan Vaughan
Blue mussels
Mytilus edulis
Asterias rubens
Sam Dupont +
experiments
The Northern shrimp
Pandalus borealis
Slower development
Effects of OA on
Predator-Prey Interaction
Laboratory
Effects of OA on
early life stages
Partners
Smaller mussels
…. slower growth
S a m D u p o n t (University of Gothenburg)
D a n M a y o r (University of Aberdeen)
D a g H j e r m a n n (University of Oslo)
P i e r o C a l o s i (Plymouth University)
J o h n S p i c e r (Plymouth University)
Partners
Chris
Sam
Tjalli
Nils
H a r l e y (University of British Colombia)
D u p o n t (University of Gothenburg)
n g J a g e r (VU University Amsterdam)
T . H a g e n (University of Nordland)
Combined effects
Effects of ocean warming and ocean acidification on shrimps
Ocean warming
Exp. 1:
Control
vs
(pH 8.1, 7°C)
Ocean acidification
+3°C
pH 7.6
Ocean warming
& acidification
+3°C
pH 7.6
Predicted scenario for 2100+
Pandalus borealis
Photos: Tandberg, Ingvarsdottir, Bechmann
Combined effects
Exp. 2:
Effects of ocean warming, ocean acidification and oil on shrimps
Oil spill
0.5 mg/L oil
for 7 days
Ocean warming
& acidification
Ocean warming
& acidification
+3°C
+3°C
pH
7.6
pH
7.6
+ Oil spill
Control
(pH 8.1, 7°C)
vs
0.5 mg/L oil
for 7 days
Multistress on shrimp larvae
Photo: Tandberg & Arnberg
Utviklingstid
Vekst
Spising
Saktere
pH 
Raskere
Mindre
Mindre Større
Mer
=
=
°C 
pH  + °C 
Oil
Oil + pH  + °C 
!
Combined effects
The combined effects of ocean acidification and ocean warming on early life
stages of Northern Krill (Meganycthiphanes norvegica)
Ocean warming
+3°C
+
Ocean acidification
pH 7.6
Photo by Øystein Paulsen, http://en.wikipedia.org.
Krill early life stages, Photo: Maj Arnberg, IRIS
Resultatene tyder på…
- Hva skjer med krillen vår?
Dagens klima (7°C, pH 8.1) vs Klima i år 2100 (10°C, pH 7.6)
Krill tidlige livsstadier
• Lik klekkesuksess, tidligere klekking
• Raskere utvikling mellom larvestadiene
• Omtrent lik vekst, litt kortere I klima eksponeringen
Juvenile krill
• Spiser mindre
• Skifter skall sjeldnere
• Økt Respirasjon
- So what?
- Larvene klekker tidligere, utvikler seg raskere
og er litt mindre…. Gjør det noe?
- Ja…. Sannsynligvis ikke bra…….
- Timing er viktig!
- «Match-Mismatch»
- Tipping point?
Combined effects
Combined effects of ocean acidification and petroleumrelated drilling mud on the cold water coral Lophelia pertusa
Photo: Elisabeth Tønnessen
Kontroll sammenlignet med
Boreslam
Havforsuring
Havforsuring +
boreslam
Genekspresjon:
Oppregulering av stressproteiner
Mer slimproduserende celler (stress)
+
+
+
+
+
+
Litt plaget
Mye plaget
Kalkskjelettet “krymper”
Foto: Erling Svensen
Aktivitet: Polyppene mer trukket inn
+
+
+
+
Mest plaget
Combined effects
The green sea urchin
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis
The combined effect of ocean
acidification and oil spill on sea urchins
• OA: pH 7.6
• Oil: 0.5 mg/L oil, 4 days
•
Temperature: 8°C
& Sam Dupont, University of Gothenburg
Krå ke b o l l e l a r ve n e s
sjebne
Kontroll vs
Olje
pH 
pH  + Olje
Forsøk 1: Oljeeksponering etter 9 dager (4 armet pluteus)
Overlevelse
Vekst
Spising
÷
÷
÷
÷
÷
÷!
÷
Forsøk 2: Oljeeksponering etter 23 dager (8 armet pluteus)
Overlevelse
Vekst
Spising
Metamorfose
(bunnslåing)
÷
÷
÷
÷
÷!
÷
÷
I samarbeid med Sam Dupont
For most parameters OA did
not affect how the prey
responded to predation cues.
Except growth of sea urchins
where OA caused reduced
growth only in the presence of
crab.
FLUCLIM - Effects of diflubenzuron on Northern shrimps (Pandalus borealis)
at ambient and future climate conditions
Ambient
climate
pH 8.1
7C
Future climate
Ocean acidification (pH 7.6) and
increased temperature (10C)
Shrimps
Pandalus borealis
Diflubezuron
from medicated fish feed
A chitin
synthesis
inhibitor
Benzoylurea
pesticide
Anti-parasitic drug
against salmon lice
S U RV I VA L fo r s h r i m p l a r v a e
Mean percent survival for 6 replicate batches of shrimp larvae exposed to DFB at two climate scenarios
Percent survival of shrimp larvae
100
80
Ambient Climate Control
- 25 %
Future Climate Control
60
- 56 %
40
Ambient Climate + DFB
20
- 82 %
Future Climate + DFB
Exposure to DFB or
clean pellets
0
0
5
10
15
Days post-hatch
20
25
30
Main conclusions from our projects:
• All of the species studied at IRIS seemed to tolerate OA quite well, with the exception
of cold water corals.
• Temperature seemed to elicits greater effects on shrimps than effects of OA alone.
• For most parameters OA did not affect how the prey responded to predation cues.
Except growth of sea urchins where OA caused reduced growth only in the presence
of crab.
• Additive effects on animals of both oil and diflubenzuron when these were combined
with climatic variables. Suggesting that acting on local stressors can delay the
negative impacts of future global drivers.
Some suggestions to monitoring biological effects of Ocean acidification by IRIS
•
We suggest monitoring of three species sensitive to OA, Pteropods, brittle stars, and cold
water corals.
•
Monitoring of toxic algae (if more is needed), since literature indicates more frequent harmful
algal blooms due to climate change.
•
It is important to include temperature in the monitoring program. Particularly to investigate
the possibilities of mismatches between phytoplankton and meroplankton. Because of
phenological processes such as mortality, reproduction, the onset of spawning and the
embryonic and larval development in species may be altered by temperature and OA.
•
To achieve this goal, a network of “fjord labs” observatories is suggested to monitor in situ a
number of chemical and biological parameters along the Norwegian coast from southern
Norway to Svalbard. Each fjord lab observatory could consist of a payload of sensors and
biosensors targeting water chemistry (pH, alkalinity, oxygen etc..), water physical conditions
(temperature, salinity etc.) and biological impacts on keystone marine taxa (phytoplankton,
zooplankton other animals..). The data gathered by these observatories could be easily
available on a web portal open to public for information and the managers for forecasting
changes arising in the future ocean. Such integrated monitoring approach could enable
managers and regulators to make regional assessments of the effects of climate change at the
regional scale on the ecosystem and evaluate the consequences for the local society.
Tusen takk til…
COMBINED EFFECTS
NORKLIMA
PhD student Maj Arnberg
Stig Westerlund
Ingrid Taban
Nadia Arab
Elisa Ravagnan
Thierry Baussant
Anne-Helene Tandberg
Anna Ingvarsdottir
Marianne Nilsen
Arve Osland
+++
Prosjektleder: Renée Bechmann
N
F
R
OAPPI
HAVKYST
Stig Westerlund
Ingrid C. Taban
Elisa Ravagnan
Marianne Nilsen
Sreerekha S. Ramanand
FLUCLIM
HAVKYST
Stig Westerlund
Emily Lyng
Shaw Bamber
Mark Berry
Elisa Ravagnan
Marianne Nilsen
Sreerekha S. Ramanand
Renée K. Bechmann
+ Prosjektleder Renée K. Bechmann
+ Prosjektleder Renée K. Bechmann
Samarbeidspartnere
Sam Dupont
University of Gothenburg
Dan Mayor and Kathryn Cook
University of Aberdeen
Dag Hjermann, NIVA
Piero Calosi & John Spicer
Plymouth University
Samarbeidspartnere
Samarbeidspartnere
Chris Harley, Megan Vaughan University
of British Columbia
Sam Dupont, University of Gothenburg
Tjalling Jager, VU University Amsterdam
Nils T. Hagen, Universitetet i Nordland
Katherine Langford,
Jannicke Moe
Dag Ø. Hjermann
Piero Calosi, Université du Québec à
Rimouski
Paul Sear University of Leicester
NIVA Ocean Acidification
Strategic Institute Initiative (OA-SIS)
OA-SIS Objective: To develop a world class capacity to study
ocean acidification, and provide improved understanding of the
changes in biogeochemistry and its effects on marine ecosystems.
Andrew L. King
(interim OA-SIS leader)
w/ Richard Bellerby (OA-SIS leader)
& Kai Sørensen (Research manager)
Six tasks of OA-SIS (2013-2016)
1) Development of an autonomous ocean
acidification observing capacity
- pH (spectrophotometric), pCO2
(equilibrator/IR), CO32- (spectrophotometric)
2) Development of a world-class capacity for
ocean acidification studies
- Lab-based and portable systems for high
precision and accuracy total DIC and total
alkalinity measurements
3) Understanding the marine carbonate system
from remote platforms
- FerryBox ship of opportunities, benthic
landers, etc.
Six tasks of OA-SIS (2013-2016)
4) Scenarios of ocean acidification
- Development and coupling of new
pelagic and benthic biogeochemical
modeling tools
5) Effects of ocean acidification and
climate change on marine ecosystems
- Lab- and field-based experimental
approaches (microscale, mesocosm,
single species, natural communities)
6) Socio-economic aspects of ocean
acidification
- Social and value impacts on ecosystem
services (kelp, urchins, fisheries, cold
water corals, tourism)
Potential Saccharina
regrowth between 65-70
deg N:
4.2 Mt C = ~1-3 billion NOK
over 50 y
OA-SIS ongoing 2015 projects
1) OA-RESPONSE (Ailbhe Macken): Pelagic ecosystems in changing oceans:
experimental systems for phytoplankton and zooplankton OA, ocean warming,
nutrient/contaminant studies
2) Arctic Regional Seas Ecosystem Change (Philip Wallhead): Development of
biogeochemical models including OA and taxa specific responses
3) Ocean Certain (Richard Bellerby): 20 L mesocosm experiments in the Arctic (Kings
Bay, Svalbard), June/July 2015; experimental matrix of OA x DOM x grazers; in
collaboration with NTNU, UiB, UiT, and others
4) OA-TROPHIC (Andrew King): 40 m3 floating mesocosms in Bergen, Norway,
May/June 2015; OA effects on lower trophic levels and trophic transfer efficiency; in
collaboration with U. Riebesell (GEOMAR)
5) CoMICS (Emanuele Reggiani): Combined metrology for investigation of carbonate
species; autonomous spectrophotometric method for CO32- measurement
6) COAST-ALOA (Richard Bellerby): Coastal ocean acidification from remote platforms;
QC/QA of pCO2 and pH data streams from FerryBox observations
7) Acid Mar (Kai Sørensen): Continued R&D on autonomous equilibrator/IR pCO2
sensor
8) OA-SERVICES (Wenting Chen): Scenarios of ecosystem services for marine and
climate management; identify hotspots, key organisms, and tipping points; develop
values for present/future ecosystem services and evaluate socioeconomic costs
Strategy for monitoring OA effects on ocean biology
Marine systems and biological responses are complex
We lack mechanistic understanding and the ability to predict the
effects of OA on an ecosystem level
Observe
OA will occur in parallel with climate change and other
anthropogenic impacts
How do we delineate the effects of multiple stressors? At a
minimum, changing ocean pH/Ω/pCO2 and temperature…
Experiment
OA and climate change will occur over relatively long
temporal scales
Observations (correlation) and experimentation (causation) must
be coupled with modeling
Model
Suggestions for monitoring of biological effects of ocean acidification | M-445
12
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