Download Shallin Busch, Ph.D. Northwest Fisheries Science Center National

Shallin Busch, Ph.D.
Northwest Fisheries Science Center
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Benjamin Drummond / bdsjs.com
NOAA Earth History Research Lab:
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/history.html
Andy Jacobson, NOAA
Ocean acidification is an increase in ocean
acidity due to increased atmospheric CO2
Repoort
What is acidity? What is pH?
 Acidity is a measure of H+
 pH is the scale used to measure
how acidic or how basic
something is
 pH is measured on the log scale
The pH scale was developed by Prof. Sørensen at the
Carlsberg Laboratory in 1909.
Ocean acidification in Hawaii
Carbon dioxide (µatm)
CO2(atmos) ↔ CO2(aq) + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- ↔ 2H+ + CO32-
Dore et al., 2009.
Shells are calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate ↔ Carbonate + Calcium
CaCO3 ↔ CO32- + Ca2+
Ocean acidity could increase
100-150% by the year 2100.
Gruber et al. 2012
NOAA PMEL
Google maps
Physiological processes are
sensitive to
carbon dioxide and pH
Dan Bennett
Benjamin Drummond / bdsjs.com
West coast oyster failure
• Willapa Bay: Wild oysters had low levels of
reproduction for 7 years
• Hatcheries: Production of larvae reduced over
last 6 years
• Correlations of failure with pH
Oysters in Netart’s Bay
Google maps
Barton et al. 2012
Oysters in Netart’s Bay
Production is lower
with lower pH
Growth in feeding stage
slower with lower pH
Barton et al. 2012
Low CO2
High CO2
E. Brunner, G. Waldbusser
Species response to pCO2 can vary
Eastern oyster
Suminoe oyster
Miller et al 2009, photos from National Geographic
Shelled pteropods: planktonic snails
OA can have many effects
Respiration
Behavior/Nervous system
Development
Growth
A natural experiment in Italy
David Liittschwager/National Geographic Images
Low CO2
Luca Tiberti, Associazione Nemo
High CO2
There will be surprises!
NOAA
Joachim S. Müller
NASA
David Patterson and Bob Andersen
Munday et al. 2009, 2010;
Simpson et al. 2011; Nilsson et al. 2012
Sun et al. 2011, Fu et al. 2010
stonebird
Neil Banas
Complex systems have complex responses
Indirect effect?
Direct effect
http://marinebio.org/Oceans/Biotic-Structure.asp
30% of Puget Sound species calcify
9.66%
30.16%
49.03%
CaCO3
Vertebrate
No biomineral
Non-CaCO3
11.14%
Busch et al., in revision
OA will affect marine food webs
Species affected by OA will also be affected by predatorprey interactions
OA will affect marine food webs
OA will impact species unaffected by changes in pH via
predator-prey interactions
?
OA will affect marine food webs
Which species are affected by OA will drive the nature
of the food web response
OA will affect marine food webs
OA impacts on just one or a few species can have big
effects on the food web and ecosystem services
Impacts of multiple stressors
What we know
 The ocean is acidifying rapidly
 Some local species will be sensitive to OA
 Biological responses to OA are variable
 Impacts of OA will ripple through food webs
 Other stressors can exacerbate response to OA
“Nowhere on our planet is a local
response to ocean acidification
more urgently and immediately
needed than here in Washington
State.”
- Dr. Jane Lubchenco, NOAA
Neil Banas