Download Chapter 11 Review - Nutley Public Schools

Chapter 11 Review
Multiple Choice
1. All of the following can be used as evidence
to support Darwin's theory of evolution
except the
A. similarity of chemicals in all living things
B. distribution of species on the planet today
C. shapes and structures of living organisms
D. distribution of mountain ranges on
Earth's surface
2. Which statement is best supported by evidence from the fossil record?
A. Most of the organisms that lived on Earth
in the past are now extinct.
B. The struggle for existence between organisms results in genetic changes.
C. Species occupying the same habitat have
identical environmental needs.
D. Structures such as leg bones and wing
bones come from the same embryonic
tissue.
3. Over time, fossils can be formed when an orgamsm is
A. buried in sediment; then its hard tissues
are replaced by dissolved minerals
B. buried in sediment; and then an impression of its soft tissues is formed
C. preserved in soft mud or clay, with its
bones and soft tissues all intact
D. buried in mud; then its bones dissolve
and its internal organs remain intact
Base your answer to question 4 on the diagrams
below, which show the forelimb bones of three
different mammals.
4. For these mammals, the number, position,
and shape of the bones most likely indicates
that they
A. developed in the same environment
B. have an identical genetic makeup
C. developed from a common earlier species
D. have identical methods of obtaining food
5. Suppose a scientist suggests that humans are
distantly related to rabbits because the human
appendix resembles the cecum of a rabbit.
The scientist is probably using evidence from
A. fossil remains
B. embryology
C. comparative anatomy
D. comparative biochemistry
6. Two species that have only a small number of
amino acid differences in the same protein
probably
A. are identical in their appearance
B. share the same parent organisms
C. are closely related in evolutionary terms
D. are distantly related in evolutionary terms
7. A scientist using biochemistry to compare
the evolutionary relationship between two organisms could analyze the similarities in
their
A. DNA base sequences
B. embryo development
C. homologous structures
D. fossilized imprints
8. After the Industrial Revolution in England,
many trees became covered with dark soot. It
was noticed that the number of light-colored
peppered moths decreased, while the number
of dark-colored peppered moths increased.
How can this be explained in terms of natural
selection?
A. The dark-colored moths chased the lightcolored moths away from the sootcovered trees.
B. The light-colored moths changed their
colors in order to blend in with the sootcovered trees.
C. Light-colored moths had a genetic variation that gave them an advantage over
dark-colored moths.
D. Dark-colored moths had a genetic variation that gave them an advantage over
light-colored moths.
9. Which
change
A. the
B. the
is an example of an evolutionary
at the population level?
development of legs on amphibians
evolution of large brains in primates
Chapter l L'Evidence for Evolution
149
C. the replacement of light-colored moths
by dark-colored moths
D. the appearance of the flowering plants
group
Analysis and Open Ended
Base your answer to question 10 on the diagram
below, which shows the evolutionary
relationships of several living and extinct
mammals.
African elephant
Asian elephant
Dugong
West Indian manatee
Brazilian manatee
West African manatee
Past
-------_JI
Present Time
10. According to the diagram, which statement
about the African elephant is correct?
A. It is more closely related to the mammoth
than it is to the manatees.
B. It is not even remotely related to the
Brazilian manatee or the mammoth.
C. It is more closely related to the West Indian manatee than it is to the mastodon.
D. It is the common ancestor of the dugong
and the West African manatee.
14. Differences in the bone arrangements support the hypothesis that these animals
A. are probably members of the same
species
B. have adaptations for different
environments
C. most likely have no ancestors in common
D. all contain the same genetic information
15. Why would an "evolutionary bush" be a
more accurate way to illustrate relationships
among species than just a linear, or ladderlike, diagram?
16. The diagrams below show the bones in the
forelimbs of a cat and a human. The similarities between these appendages suggest that
humans and cats
11. Explain how a family tree can be used to
show evolutionary relationships among
orgamsms.
12. Describe two ways that fossils can form, and
tell which parts of an organism are usually
fossilized. Your answer should explain the
following: (a) how fossils are formed through
replacement by minerals; and (b) how fossil
imprints or molds are formed.
13. Explain how studies of similarities in the biochemistry of proteins can be useful in determining evolutionary relationships among
orgamsms.
Use the following diagrams, which illustrate the
forelimb bones of three different mammals, to
answer question 14.
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Human
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cat
have identical genetic material
have the same direct ancestor
once shared a common ancestor
evolved in the same environment
17. Explain why the presence of a body structure
with no current function can provide evidence of an evolutionary relationship. Give
an example.
18. The following diagram represents a series
of undisturbed sedimentary rock layers in a
given area. Several layers show representative fossils of different organisms. Relative to
those in the other layers, the oldest fossil
would be found in the
21. As stated in the text, "sometimes evolution
leads to the development of new adaptive
features" within populations. Describe how
such a change may eventually result in the
development of a completely new species.
Give either a real or an imagined example.
22. The three species shown below have similar
enzymes, hormones, and proteins; this supports the idea that they share a common ancestor, based on their similar
A.
B.
C.
D.
first layer, on the top
third layer from the top
fourth layer from the top
fifth layer from the top
19. Refer to Figure 11-6, which shows the lightcolored and dark-colored peppered moths.
Over time, depending on changes in the environment, the percentage of each color type in
their population has varied. Are these
changes in frequency due to natural selection, artificial selection, or acquired traits?
Explain.
20. The diagrams below represent the embryos
of three different vertebrate species. It is
thought that they provide evidence of evolution based on their similar
Turtle
Chicken
40.
~
A. SIZeS
B. fossils
C. structures
D. molecules
~
~
Bighorn
Sheep
A.
B.
C.
D.
external structures
biochemistry
feeding habits
behavioral patterns
23. The best title for the chart below would be
Title:
Pig
_
~
~
The fossil
record
A.
B.
C.
D.
Structural
similarities
Genetic
similarities
Evolutionary Pathways
Evidence for Evolution
Natural Selection
Mutations in Evolution
Chapter II/Evidence
for Evolution
151
24. Use data from the diagram at right to explain
why DNA nucleotide sequencing is important to the study of evolution.
Kangaroo
Rabbit
Pig
Donkey
Horse
Dog
Monkey
Human
Reading Comprehension
Base your answers to questions 25 to 27 on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.
Use one or more complete sentences to answer each question.
In 1987, a group of scientists thought they could use a better method to study human
evolution. Instead of studying bits and pieces of fossil remains, they decided to study
thegenescontained within the cells ofliving people. These genes, passed from generation to generation, have stored within them a history of our origins. The molecularbiologists decided to examine the DNA that is located in our cells' mitochondria.
Unlik,edrdinary DNA-the genetic material in the nuclei of our cells that we get
fromhothparents-mitochondrial
DNA (mtDNA) in our cells comes only from our
mother.{From one generation to the next, mtDNA never gets mixed with the DNA
intheg~nes we get from our father.
Tneresearchers collected mtDNA from women living in many parts of the world.
By studying the similarities and differences in mtDNA among these women, the re'"
searchers were able to look backin time to study the origins of human history. Their
startling conclusion was that the molecular evidence indicated that all humans alive
todtlyarethe descendants of a single female who lived in Africa about 200,000 years
agQ.$oIIlepeople began to call this person "Mitochondrial Eve."
Since 1987, scientists have disagreed widely on the results. Some scientists claim
thatthecomputer program the researchers used for their analysis was not used correctly. Others think that Mitochondrial Eve lived only 150,000 years ago. Still other
scientists point to evidence showing that modern humans may have evolved much
earlier-and inseveral.parts of the world, not only in Africa.
In2001, researchers determined that mtDNA from a human fossil found years
earlier in Mungo, Australia, showed no linkage to any humans living today. Therefore, "Mungo Man," as the fossil is called, could not have descended from Mitochondrial Eve. "Put the gloves on, Mitochondrial Eve, because Mungo Man has
stepped into the ring," began an article on the topic, showing how the debate on our
origins continues. This kind of open discussion is what science is all about-·
questions are asked, answered, and then, when more evidence is found, even more
questions arise. For now, the answer to this question about our ancestry remains undecided, although the "Out of Africa" model is still the most popular.
25. How is mitochondrial DNA different from the ordinary DNA found in cell nuclei?
26. Compare how these scientists used mitochondrial DNA with the way other scientists have used
fossils.
27. Scientific research often produces some answers and then even more questions. How is this true
about the Mungo Man and Mitochondrial Eve research?
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