Download 1-7 Resp Urinary F11

Removing wastes –
Respiration and urination
Why we breathe
All cells require a continuous supply of O2 and
disposal of CO2
O2
CO
 
2
Environment
Cell
C6H12O6
Glucose
Mechanics of Breathing
 
 
 
6 H2O
ATP
Water
Energy
Inhalation
Breathing is the
alternating process of:
 
6 O2
6 CO2
Cellular
Oxygen respiration Carbon
dioxide
Air flows in
Rib cage
expands as
rib muscles
contract
Inhaling
Exhaling
The diaphragm and rib
muscles contract
The diaphragm does
most of the work
Lung
Rib cage expands
Lung volume increases,
causing air pressure to fall
Diaphragm
contracts
(moves down)
Lung Cancer:
Disease of the Day
Exhalation
Air flows out
Rib cage gets
smaller as
rib muscles
relax
The muscles
relax and the
ribs return to
their relaxed
position
Most Common
Cause of Death
Due to Cancer
Healthy Lungs
Cancerous Lungs
Average Survival After Diagnosis = 9 Months
Diaphragm
relaxes
(moves up)
Many Forms Resistant to Radiation/Chemotherapy
Removal of Cancerous Portions Possible in Early Diagnosis
1
What are the different parts that
can be damaged?
One of the first signs of
damage: loss of cilia
Cilia Beat:
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
•  Upwards in Trachea
•  Back/Down in Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Damaged by Smoking!
Trachea
Larynx
Right Bronchus
Left Bronchus
When cilia are lost, its
impossible to prevent
particles from settling in
lungs
Diaphragm
Ways our body removes wastes
What Is Cancer?
 
 
O2
Cells growing
out of control
They lose
control over cell
division
Food and
water
Respiratory
system
O2
Digestive
system
3D Medical Animation - What is Cancer? 1:06
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEpTTolebqo&NR=1&feature=fvwp
Urinary System: Organs
Food
wastes
CO2
Skin
CO2
wastes
Circulatory
system
Kidneys
Ureters
wastes
Transporting and Storing Urine
Urethra
Tubes that carry urine
from Kidney  Bladder
Urinary Bladder
Collapsible sac that
stores urine
At ~200 ml smooth
muscle contracts
Involuntary Internal Sphincter
Urethra
Urinary Bladder
Urinary
system
Elimination of
excess water, salts,
metabolic wastes
Transports
O2, nutrients,
Ureters
What is the
function of your
urinary bladder?
Water,
salts
Thin Tube
Bladder  Outside
Voluntary External Sphincter
oose
Can Ch
Wait…
to
2
Looking Inside the Kidneys
Functions of the Kidneys
Excrete metabolic wastes
Rich Blood
Supply
Water Balance
Kidneys
Ureters
Maintain blood pH
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
(Drains To Bladder)
The kidneys filter wastes from
the blood
Produce hormones
Urethra
Urinary sys 5’
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxb2_d9ilEw
Parts of a nephron
Bowman’s capsule
Collecting
duct
The Nephron
Network of capillaries
& collecting tubes
Filters the blood to
remove wastes;
forms urine
Renal tubule
> 1 million per kidney
Copyright 2009, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
Urine formation: 3 steps
Filtration in Bowman’s Capsule
Capsule
Nephron
Blood Pressure
forces water & small
molecules out of
blood
Capillaries
Large
Molecules (Proteins), Blood
Cells Stay In Blood
•  Too big to push through capillary walls
3
Filtration
Reabsorption
 
Small molecules are
filtered
 
 
 
 
 
Water
Salts
Glucose
Amino acids
Waste products
 
 
 
Most of the water,
amino acids, glucose
and salts are
returned to the
bloodstream
urea, uric acid
Blood pressure in the
capillaries drives this process
Copyright 2009, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
Summary:
How the nephron forms urine
Secretion
 
 
 
Some drugs, waste
products and ions
(primarily H+ ions) are
actively secreted from
from blood into tubular
fluid
Helps control blood pH
Helps eliminate
substances from the
body
Afferent!
arteriole
1
Bowmanʼs!
capsule
Filtration
Efferent!
arteriole
Reabsorption
Secretion
Fluid in!
renal tubule
Water
Glucose
Amino acids
Salts
Urea.
What causes
high filtration
pressure?
2
Water
Glucose
Amino acids
NaCl (65%)
Urine
Water
Salts
Urea, etc
3
H+ ions
Drug metabolites
Active transport
Copyright 2009, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
Maintaining water balance
 
The kidneys control
how much water and
salt are excreted 
maintain blood
volume and blood
pressure
Maintaining water balance
 
 
 
What happens when
you drink a lot of
water?
Urine volume

Less water is
reabsorbed in the
nephron

4
 
Lower Blood Volume  Lower Blood Pressure
at
es
Higher Blood Volume  Higher Blood Pressure
When blood pressure drops
Hormones:
Less water is lost in urine
Cr
e
 
When you’re dehydrated,
the hypothalamus secretes
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
More water is reabsorbed
into the blood
Ki
dn
 
ey
Maintaining water balance
Kidney Helps Regulate Blood
Pressure
Aldosterone
From Adrenal
Loop reabsorbs more Salt
Water Follows Salt Back to Blood
Kidneys help maintain blood pH
 
Kidneys reabsorb all filtered bicarbonate
and excrete H+
Urinary tract infections
Ki
dn
ey
Cr
e
at
es
ADH
From Hypothalamus
Duct Gives Back
More Water to Blood
Kidneys produce hormones
 
Erythropoeitin
 
stimulates
production of RBCs
Kidneys convert
vitamin D to its
active form
Kidney disease
Caused by bacteria
Enter urethra;
travel up to the
bladder
Can travel up the
ureters to the kidneys
5
How does blood pressure affect
kidney function?
High Blood Pressure  Kidney
Failure
Bowman’s Capsule
Low BP  No Filtration
Can’t Push Fluid Out
Bowman’s Capsule
Capillaries
High BP  Damage Vessels
Proteins, Blood Get Into Capsule
Nephrons Die
Capillaries
Kidney dialysis
Nephrons Mainly in Cortex (Outer Section)
Death of Nephrons  Bumpy Cortex
Treatment:
•  Treat Cause of High Blood Pressure
•  Dialysis (Blood Filtration by Machine)
Kidney transplants
 
 
The patient’s blood
vessels and ureter are
connected to the
transplanted kidney.
Problems:
 
Finding a donor kidney
 
Removes metabolic wastes
and excess salts
 
65,000 people are on
waiting lists
Organ rejection
6